Part 1. Urban Heat Islands and Urban Warming in Japan.- Chapter 1. Basic Features of the Urban Heat Island (UHI).- 1.1 Observational Studies on Nighttime UHIs.- 1.1.

1 Examples of UHI.- 1.1.2 Vertical Structure of UHI.- 1.2 Climatology of UHI Intensity.- 1.2.

1 Indices of UHI Intensity and Urbanness.- 1.2.2 Relationship between Nighttime UHI Intensity and Climatological Factors.- 1.3 Mechanisms of UHI Formation.- Chapter 2. Climatology of Long-term Urban Warming.

- 2.1 Interest in Urban Warming.- 2.2 Detection of Urban Warming in Long-term Temperature Trends in Japan.- 2.2.1 Relationship between Temperature Trends and Population Density.- 2.

2.2 Dependence of Temperature Trends on Population Density: Analysis for a Centennial Time Scale.- 2.3 Dependence of Urban Warming on Weather Conditions.- Chapter 3. Sub-city Scale Temperature Distribution.- 3.1 Introduction.

- 3.2 Temperature around Urban Parks.- 3.3 Microscale Effects on Observed Temperature.- 3.4 Microscale Effects on Long-term Temperature Trends.- Chapter 4. Wind and Precipitation in Cities.

- 4.1 Urban Wind.- 4.1.1 Urban Effects on Surface Wind Speed.- 4.1.2 Heat-island Circulation.

- 4.1.3 Interaction between the Heat-island Circulation and Local Winds.- 4.2 Urban Humidity and Precipitation.- 4.2.1 Relative Humidity and Amount of Water Vapor.

- 4.2.2 Urban Fog.- 4.2.3 Clouds and Precipitation in Cities.- 4.2.

4 Urban Snow.- Part 2. Climatology of Heat and Cold Mortalities in Japan.- Chapter 5. Climatology of Heat Stroke Mortality in Japan.- 5.1 Basic Statistics of Heat Stroke Deaths in Japan.- 5.

1.1 Outline of Heat Stroke Data.- 5.1.2 Definition of Heat Stroke Mortality Rate.- 5.1.3 Basic Statistics of Heat Stroke Mortality in Japan.

- 5.2 Regional Variations of Heat Stroke Mortality Rates and Temperature.- 5.2.1 Outline of the Analysis Procedure.- 5.2.2 Spatial Patterns.

- 5.2.3 Interannual Variability.- 5.2.4 Seasonal Variations.- 5.2.

5 Summary and Remarks.- 5.3 Relationship between Daily Heat Stroke Mortality and Temperature.- 5.3.1 Background.- 5.3.

2 Regional and Temporal Features.- 5.3.3 Summary and Remarks.- 5.4 Dependence of Municipality-wise Heat Stroke Mortality Rate on Temperature and Economic States.- 5.4.

1 Background.- 5.4.2 Data and Procedure of Analysis.- 5.4.3 Results of Correlation Analysis.- 5.

4.4 Summary and Remarks.- Chapter 6. Comparison of Climatology of Ambulance Transport Rates and Mortality.- 6.1 Background.- 6.2 Data and Analysis.

- 6.3 Regional, Interannual and Seasonal Variations of Transport Rate.- 6.4 Relationship between Daily Transport Rate and Meteorological Factors.- 6.5 Summary and Remarks.- Chapter 7. Climatology of Cold Mortality in Japan.

- 7.1 Background.- 7.2 Data and Analysis.- 7.3 Basic Statistics of Cold Mortality.- 7.4 Regional and Temporal Features of Cold Mortality.

- 7.5 Relationship between Daily Cold Mortality and Temperature.- 7.6 Dependence on Municipality-wise Cold Mortality on Temperature and Annual Income.- 7.7 Summary and Remarks.- Part 3. Outline of the Climate and Meteorological Observations in Japan.

- Chapter 8. Outline of the Geography and Climate of Japan.- 8.1 Topography and Local Government System of Japan.- 8.2. Climatology of Summer High Temperature in Japan.- 8.

2.1 Overview of the Climate of Japan.- 8.2.2 Outline of Midsummer Weather.- 8.2.3 Thermally-induced Winds and Urban Heat Island in the Kanto Plain.

- Chapter 9. Availability and Homogeneity of Meteorological Data in Japan.- 9.1 Meteorological Observation Systems in Japan.- 9.1.1 JMA Observatories.- 9.

1.2 Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS).- 9.1.3 Kunai Observation.- 9.1.4 Other Surface Observations.

- 9.1.5 Upper-level Observation.- 9.2 Temporal Homogeneity of JMA Observation Data.- 9.2.1 Effect of Site Changes.

- 9.2.2 Change in Observation Equipment.- 9.2.3 Change in Observation Time.