Preface . vii1 Introduction . 11.1 The Making of a Liberal in Turkey . 91.2 Ideas and Contexts . 241.2.

1 Agaoglu in Literature . 272 Between Two Worlds: Ideas in the Making . 342.1 Family Life and Education . 352.1.1 Encounter with Russian Radicalism . 382.

1.2 Paris . 422.2 Early French Influences . 452.2.1 James Darmesteter and Ernest Renan . 462.

3 Early Writings . 543 Return to the Near East . 613.1 The Caucasus . 613.1.1 The 1905 Petition, Violence and the End of the Oil Revolution . 653.

2 Istanbul . 753.2.1 The Turkish Hearths . 803.2.2 Activities during World War I . 814 Rights, Religion and Nationalism .

884.1 Rights and Equality . 894.2 Religion, Modernity and the Question of Women . 914.3 The Origins of Turkish Nationalism . 1005 Founding the Republic . 1205.

1 The Establishment of an Authoritarian Regime . 1235.2 The Economy and a Temporary Democracy . 1336 Revolution and Ideology . 1436.1 A Liberal Revolution? . 1466.1.

1 A Critique of the Revolutionaries . 1496.2 Ideology and the Intelligentsia . 1526.2.1 Two Liberalisms and Democracy . 1567 State, Society and the Individual . 1617.

1 Liberal Order . 1637.1.1 Durkheim and Agaoglu . 1677.1.2 Elements of Modern Liberalism: Division of Labour, Occupational Groupings and Interdependence . 1717.

1.3 Civic Equality and Individual Liberty . 1767.2 Étatism and Private Initiative . 1788 Westernisation and Nationalism . 1918.1 Turkey's Westernisation . 1928.

2 The Hidden Dialogue between Gökalp and Agaoglu . 1948.3 Nationalism Revisited . 1998.4 Monday Evening Talks . 2039 The Moral Ideology of the Republic . 2079.1 Petr Kropotkin and the Sources of Morality .

2099.2 The Origins of Moral Decadence Revisited . 2129.3 The Land of Free Men . 2149.4 The Divided Self . 22010 Conclusion: The Road to Liberty? . 229Bibliography .

235Index . 264.