About the Authors xi Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii List of Acronyms xix 1 An Introduction to Heterogeneous Networks 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Heterogeneous Network Deployments 3 1.2.1 Distributed Antenna Systems 3 1.2.2 Public Access Picocells/Metrocells 4 1.2.

3 Consumer-Grade Femtocells 4 1.2.4 WiFi Systems 5 1.3 Features of Heterogeneous Networks 5 1.3.1 Association and Load Balancing 5 1.3.2 Interference Management 6 1.

3.3 Self-Organizing Networks 6 1.3.4 Mobility Management 7 1.4 Evolution of Cellular Technology and Standards 7 1.4.1 3GPP Standardization Process 9 References 10 Part I OVERVIEW 2 Fundamentals of LTE 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.

2 LTE Core Network 17 2.2.1 Control Plane 18 2.2.2 User Plane 19 2.2.3 Practical Implementations of the Core Network 19 2.3 LTE Radio Access Network 20 2.

3.1 Control Plane 20 2.3.2 User Plane 23 2.4 Connectivity Among eNodeBs: The X2 Interface 24 2.4.1 Load- and Interference-Related Information 26 2.4.

2 Handover-Related Information 26 2.5 Technologies in LTE 27 2.5.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 27 2.5.2 Multiple Antenna Communications 36 References 42 3 LTE Signal Structure and Physical Channels 45 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 LTE Signal Structure 45 3.

3 Introduction to LTE Physical Channels and Reference Signals 48 3.4 Resource Block Assignment 51 3.5 Downlink Physical Channels 54 3.5.1 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) 55 3.5.2 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) 57 3.5.

3 Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) 58 3.5.4 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) 58 3.5.5 Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) 59 3.5.6 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) 60 3.6 Uplink Physical Channels 67 3.

6.1 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) 67 3.6.2 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) 68 3.6.3 Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) 70 References 71 4 Physical Layer Signal Processing in LTE 73 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Downlink Synchronization Signals 73 4.

2.1 Primary Synchronization Signal 74 4.2.2 Secondary Synchronization Signal 76 4.3 Reference Signals 77 4.3.1 Downlink Reference Signals 77 4.3.

2 Uplink Reference Signals 84 4.4 Channel Estimation and Feedback 85 4.4.1 Basics of Link Adaptation 85 4.4.2 Feedback for MIMO OFDM Channels 88 4.4.3 New Features in LTE-Advanced 92 4.

5 Design Paradigm of LTE Signaling 94 4.6 Scheduling and Resource Allocation 94 4.6.1 Scheduling Algorithms 96 4.6.2 Inter-eNodeB Coordination for Resource Allocation in LTE 98 References 100 Part II INTER-CELL INTERFERENCE COORDINATION 5 Release 10 Enhanced ICIC 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Typical Deployment Scenarios 103 5.

2.1 Macro-Pico Deployment Scenario 104 5.2.2 Macro-Femto Deployment Scenario 107 5.3 Time Domain Techniques 110 5.3.1 Almost Blank Subframe 110 5.3.

2 ABS Use Cases 113 5.3.3 UE Measurement and Reporting 116 5.3.4 Backhaul Support 118 5.3.5 Simulation Results 119 5.4 Power Control Techniques 123 5.

4.1 Target Scenario 123 5.4.2 Power Control Schemes 124 5.4.3 Results from Realistic Deployments 125 5.5 Carrier Aggregation-Based eICIC 127 References 130 6 Release 11 Further Enhanced ICIC: Transceiver Processing 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.

2 Typical Deployment Scenarios 133 6.3 Techniques for Mitigating CRS Interference 136 6.3.1 Receiver-Based Techniques 136 6.3.2 Transmitter-Based Techniques 140 6.4 Weak Cell Detection 142 6.5 Non-Zero-Power ABS 144 References 147 7 Release 11 Further Enhanced ICIC: Remaining Topics 149 7.

1 Carrier-Based Interference Coordination 149 7.1.1 Operational Carrier Selection 150 7.1.2 Primary and Secondary Cell Selection 153 7.2 Enhanced PDCCH for Interference Coordination 154 References 159 Part III COORDINATED MULTI-POINT TRANSMISSION RECEPTION 8 Downlink CoMP: Signal Processing 163 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 CoMP Scenarios in 3GPP 164 8.

2.1 Homogeneous Networks with Intra-Site CoMP 164 8.2.2 Homogeneous Networks with High-Power RRHs 165 8.2.3 Heterogeneous Networks with Low-Power RRHs with Cell IDs Different from the Macro 165 8.2.4 Heterogeneous Networks with Low-Power RRHs with Cell IDs the Same as the Macro 166 8.

3 CoMP Sets 167 8.3.1 RRM Measurement Set/CoMP Resource Management Set 167 8.3.2 CoMP Measurement Set 168 8.3.3 CoMP Cooperating Set 169 8.4 CoMP Transmission in 3GPP 169 8.

4.1 Coordinated Scheduling/Beamforming 169 8.4.2 Dynamic Point Selection 172 8.4.3 Joint Transmission 177 8.5 Comparison of Different CoMP Categories 180 References 182 9 Downlink CoMP: Standardization Impact 185 9.1 Introduction 185 9.

2 Modification of Reference Signals 185 9.2.1 Modifications in CSI-RS 185 9.2.2 Modifications in DMRS 186 9.3 CSI Processes 189 9.3.1 UE Processing Complexity and CSI Reference Resources 191 9.

3.2 Inheritance and Reference Processes 192 9.4 PDSCH Rate Matching 193 9.5 Quasi-Co-Location of Antenna Ports 195 9.5.1 Quasi-Co-Location Between the Same Antenna Ports 197 9.5.2 Quasi-Co-Location Between Different Antenna Ports 198 9.

6 New Transmission Mode and DCI Format 200 9.7 Backhaul Support for CoMP 201 9.8 Summary 203 References 203 Part IV UPCOMING TECHNOLOGIES 10 Dense Small Cell Deployments 207 10.1 Introduction 207 10.2 Evolution of Small Cells 207 10.2.1 Deployment Scenarios 209 10.3 Efficient Operation of Small Cells 212 10.

3.1 Dual Connectivity 214 10.3.2 ICIC Mechanism 216 10.3.3 Small Cell Discovery 220 10.4 Control Signaling Enhancement 223 10.4.

1 Multi-Subframe Scheduling 223 10.4.2 Cross-Subframe Scheduling 224 10.5 Reference Signal Overhead Reduction 225 10.5.1 Downlink DMRS 225 10.5.2 Uplink DMRS 227 References 228 11 TD-LTE Enhancements for Small Cells 231 11.

1 Enhancements for Dynamic TDD 231 11.1.1 TDD UL/DL Reconfiguration Scenarios in 3GPP 232 11.1.2 Interference Mitigation Schemes 234 11.2 FDD-TDD Joint Operation 239 11.2.1 Deployment Scenarios 240 11.

2.2 Issues and Potential Solutions 241 References 243 12 Full Dimension MIMO 245 12.1 Introduction 245 12.2 Antenna Systems Architecture: Passive and Active 245 12.3 Antenna Patterns 248 12.3.1 Passive Antenna Element Pattern 248 12.3.

2 Active Antenna Systems 250 12.3.3 AAS with Additional Mechanical Tilt 253 12.3.4 Effect of Multipath Fading Channels 253 12.4 FD-MIMO Deployment Scenarios 254 12.4.1 UE-Specific FD-MIMO 254 12.

4.2 Cell-Specific FD-MIMO 255 12.4.3 System-Specific FD-MIMO 255 12.5 Conclusion 256 References 256 13 Future Trends in Heterogeneous Networks 257 13.1 Summary 257 13.2 Small Cells and Cloud RAN 258 13.3 Small Cells, Millimeter Wave Communications and Massive MIMO 259 13.

4 Small Cells and Big Data 260 13.5 Concluding Remarks 260 References 260 Index 263.