List of Figures vii List of Tables viii Preface to the Second Edition ix Acknowledgements xxii Introduction: Uprisings and Revolutions 1 Chapter One Fettered Development 9 The Facts 14 Poverty, Inequality, Precarity 20 Informal Sector and Unemployment: The Bouazizi Syndrome 29 Youth Underemployment 33 Female Underemployment 37 Graduate Unemployment 42 Fetters on Development 46 Chapter Two The Peculiar Modalities of Capitalism in the Arab Region 49 The Problem of Investment 51 Public and Private Investment 54 A Specific Variant of the Capitalist Mode of Production 68 1. Rentier and Patrimonial States 72 2. A Politically Determined Capitalism: Nepotism and Risk 81 The Genesis of the Specific Regional Variant of Capitalism: An Overview 90 Chapter Three Regional Political Factors 101 The Oil Curse 102 From "Arab Despotic Exception" to "Democracy Promotion" 115 The Muslim Brothers, Washington and the Saudis 127 The Muslim Brothers, Washington and Qatar 137 Al Jazeera and the Upheaval in the Arab Mediascape 147 Chapter Four Actors and Parameters of the Revolution 155 Overdetermination and Subjective Conditions 156 The Workers' Movement and Social Struggles 168 New Actors and New Information and Communication Technologies 176 States and Revolutions 187 Chapter Five A Provisional Balance Sheet of the Arab Uprising 198 Coups d'État and Revolutions 198 Provisional Balance Sheet No. 1: Tunisia 199 Provisional Balance Sheet No. 2: Egypt 203 Provisional Balance Sheet No. 3: Yemen 213 Provisional Balance Sheet No. 4: Bahrain 220 Provisional Balance Sheet No. 5: Libya 225 Provisional Balance Sheet No.
6: Syria 237 6. Co-opting the Uprising 260 Washington and the Muslim Brothers, Take Two 261 NATO, Libya, and Syria 272 The "Islamic Tsunami" and the Difference between Khomeini and Morsi 287 Conclusion: The Future of the Arab Uprising 302 The Difference between Erdogan and Ghannouchi . 302 . And the Difference between Erdogan and Morsi 312 Conditions for a Genuine Solution 327 Notes 340 References and Sources 380 Further Reading 404 Index 406.