1. Introduction and Physical Properties of Drug Molecules 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Dimensions and Units 1.3 Electromagnetic Radiation 1.4 Atomic Spectra 1.5 Molecular Spectra 1.6 Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometry 1.
7 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 1.8 Infrared Spectroscopy 2. Solution 2.1 Definition 2.2 Solvent in a Solution 2.3 Types of solutions 2.4 Methods of Expressing the Concentration of a Solution 2.5 Factors Affecting Solubility 2.
5.1 Effect of Temperature 2.5.2. Nature of Solute and Solvent 2.5.2 Effect of Pressure 2.6 Solubility Expressions Judge Yourself 3.
Colligative Properties 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Definition 3.3 Classification 3.3.1 Lowering of Vapour Pressure 3.3.2 Measurement of Lowering of Vapor Pressure 3.
4 Osmotic Pressure 3.4.1 Theories of Semi-Permeable Membrane Contents 3.4.2 Osmotic Pressure 3.4.3 Measurement of Osmotic Pressure 3.4.
4 Effects of Osmosis 3.4.5 Reverse Osmosis and Desalination 3.5 Elevation of Boiling Point 3.5.1 Determination of Boiling Point Elevation 3.6 Depression of Freezing Point 3.6.
1 Determination of Molar Mass from Depression in Freezing Point 3.6.2 Determination of Depression in Freezing Point Judge Yourself 4. The Distribution Law 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Definition 4.3 Solubilities and Distribution Law 4.4 Limitations of Distribution Law 4.
5 Thermodynamic Derivation 4.6 Modifications in Distrabution Law 4.6.1 When Solute Undergoes Association in any one of the Solvent 4.6.2 When Solute Undergoes Dissociation in any one of the Solvent 4.6.3 The Solute Enters into Chemical Combination with one of Solvent 4.
7 Applications of Distribution Coefficient 4.7.1 Association of a Solute 4.7.2 Dissociation of a Solute 4.7.3 Distribution Indicators 4.7.
4 Extraction with a Solvent 4.7.5 Partition Chromatography Judge Yourself 5. Ionization and Ionic Equilibria 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Arrhenious Concept [Savanti Arrhenius (Doctoral thesis in 1887)] 5.2.1 Role of Water 5.
3 Bronsted-Lowery Concept 5.4 Lewis Electronic Concept 5.4.1 Hydrogen Ion Concentration 5.4.2 Ionization of Water 5.5 Ionization of Acids and Bases 5.5.
1 Conversion of Hydrogen Ion Concentration to pH. 5.5.2 Common Ion Effect 5.6 Buffers 5.6.1 Buffer of Weak Acid and its Salt 5.6.
2 Buffer of Weak base and its Salt: NH4OH & NH4Cl 5.6.3 Buffer Capacity 5.6.4 Maximum Buffer Capacity 5.6.5 Buffer Capacity and Neutralization Curve 5.7 Hydrolysis of Salt 5.
7.1 Hydrolysis Constant 5.7.2 Degree of Hydrolysis 5.7.3 Salt of Weak Base and Strong Acid 5.7.4 Salt of Weak Acid and Weak Base 5.
8 Solubility Product Judge Yourself 6. Chemical Kinetics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Rate and Order of Reaction 6.3 Molecularity 6.4 Specific Rate Constant 6.5 Units of Basic Rate Constant 6.6 Calculation of Reaction Rate 6.
7 Zero Order Reaction 6.7.1 Characteristics of Zero Order Reaction 6.7.2 Example of Zero Order Reaction 6.7.3 Apparent Zero Order Kinetics 6.8 First Order Reaction 6.
8.1 Examples of Order Rate Kinetics 6.9 Second Order Reaction 6.10 Methods for Determination of Order of A Reaction 6.10.1 Method of Integration (Hit and trial method) 6.10.2 Graphical method 6.
10.3 Half Life Method x Physical Pharmacy and Instrumental Methods of Analysis 6.11 Factors that Affect Reaction Rate 6.11.1 Concentration 6.11.2 Pressure 6.11.
3 Surface Area 6.11.4 Nature of Reactants 6.11.5 Temperature 6.12 Theories of Chemical Kinetics 6.12.1 Collision Theory 6.
12.2 Transition State Theory 6.13 Decomposition and Stabilization of Medicinal Agents 95 6.14 Summary Judge Yourself 7. Catalysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Types of Catalyst 7.2.
1 Catalyst Poison 7.2.2 Induced Catalysis 7.2.3 Catalyst Promoter 7.2.4 Autocatalysis 7.3 Characteristics of a Catalyst 7.
4 Theories of Catalysis 7.4.1 The Intermediate Compound Formation Theory 7.4.2 The Adsorption Theory 7.5 Types of Catalysis 7.5.1 Homogenous Catalysis 7.
5.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis 7.5.3 Enzyme Catalysis 7.6 Catalytic Poisoning 7.7 Applications of Catalysis Judge Yourself 8. Electrochemistry 8.1 Introduction 8.
2 Definition of Terms 8.2.1 Conductance (c) 8.2.2 Resistance 8.2.3 Conductivity Contents xi 8.2.
4 Resistivity 8.2.5 Molar Conductance 8.2.6 Equivalent Conductance 8.3 Types of Conductors 8.4 Laws of Electric Current 8.4.
1 Ohms Law 8.4.2 Faraday's Law of Electrolysis 8.4.3 Kohlrausch''s Law 8.4.4 Electrolytic Conductance 8.4.
5 Mechanism of Electrolytic Conductance 8.6 Conductivity Cell 8.6.1 Types of Conductivity Cell 8.6.2 Cell Constant 8.7 Factors Affecting Electrolytic Conductance 8.7.
1 Nature of Electrolyte 8.7.2 Concentration of the Solution 8.7.3 Temperature 8.8 Applications 8.8.1 Determination of Degree of Dissociation of Weak Electrolyte 8.
8.2 Basicity of Organic Acids 8.8.3 Determination of Solubility and Solubility Product of Sparingly Soluble Salt 8.8.4 Ionic Product of Water 8.8.5 Determination of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in Water Judge Yourself 9.
Potentiometry 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Cell 9.2.1 Galvanic Cell 9.2.2 Notation 9.2.
3 Conductance in Cell 9.2.4 Liquid Junction 9.3 Cell Types 9.3.1 Concentration Cell 9.3.2 Electrolytic Cell 9.
3.3 Electrochemical Cell xii Physical Pharmacy and Instrumental Methods of Analysis 9.4 Reversible and Irreversible Cells 9.5 Electrode Potential 9.5.1 Calomel Electrode 9.5.2 Standard Electrode Potential 9.
6 Cell Potential 9.7 Reversible Electrodes 9.7.1 Electrodes Reversible with Respect to Cation or Electrode of First Kind 9.7.2 Electrodes Reversible with Respect to Anion or Electrode of Second Kind 9.7.3 Electrodes of Third Kind 9.
7.4 Oxidation Reduction Electrodes or Electrodes of Fourth Kind 134 9.8 Some Common Reversible Electrodes 9.8.1 Meta-Metal Ion Electrode 9.8.2 Gas Electrode 9.8.
3 Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) 9.8.4 Selectivity of Ion Selective Electrodes 9.9 Sensing Electrodes 9.9.1 Polymer Membrane Electrodes (Organic Ion Exchangers and Chelating Agents) 9.9.2 Solid State Electrodes (Insoluble Conductive Inorganic Salts) 9.
9.3 Gas Sensing Electrodes 9.9.4 Glass Membrane Electrodes 9.10 Glass Electrode 9.10.1 Construction 9.10.
2 Storage 9.10.3 Advantages 9.10.4 Disadvantage 9.11 Reference Electrodes 9.11.1 Primary Reference Electrode e.
g. Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) 9.11.2 Working 142 9.11.3 Secondary Reference Electrode 9.11.4 Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode 9.
12 Potentiometric Titration 9.12.1 Modes of Titration Contents xiii 9.12.2 Acid Base Titration 9.12.3 Oxidation Reduction Titration 9.12.
4 Complexometric Titration 9.13 Summary Judge Yourself 10. Aquametry 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Chemical Methods 10.2.1 The Karl Fischer Titration Method 10.2.
2 Direct Titration by Karl Fischer Reagent 10.2.3 Residual Titration using Karl Fischer Reagent 10.2.4 Coulometric Method: (Electrometric Method) 10.3 Physical Methods (Azeotropic Distillation) 10.3.1 Apparatus 10.
3.2 Procedure 10.4 Gas Chromatographic Method 10.5 Conductometric Method Of Water Determination 10.6 Thermal Method 10.6.1 Loss on Drying 10.7 Summary Judge Yourself 11.
Spectrofluorimetry 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Theory 11.3 Rate of Absorption And Emission 11.4 Deactivating Factors 11.4.1 Vibrational Relaxation 11.4.
2 Internal Conversion 11.4.3 External Conversion 11.4.4 Intersystem Crossing 11.5 Factor Which Effect Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 11.5.1 Transition Type in Fluorescence 11.
5.2 Quantum Yield or Efficiency 11.5.3 Structure 11.5.4 Structure Rigidity 11.5.5 Temperature and Solvent Effect xiv Physical Pharmacy and Instrumental Methods of Analysis 11.
5.6 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen 11.5.7 Concentration 11.6 Instrumentation 11.6.1 Light Source 11.6.
2 Monochromator 11.6.3 Detectors 11.7 Wavelength Correction and Spectra Correction 11.8 Sample Handling 11.9 Applications 11.9.1 Direct Method 11.
9.2 Indirectly by Decrease 11.10 Types of Fluorescence Assay 11.10.1 The Formation of Chemical Derivatives 11.10.2 Fluorescence Quenching Analysis 11.10.
3 Kinetic Methods of Analysis Judge Yourself 12. Polarimetry 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Principle 12.3 Optical Rotation and Type of Molecules Analyzed 12.4 Factors Affecting Angle of Rotation 12.5 Specific Rotation 12.6 Molecular Rotation 12.
7 Intrinsic rotation 12.8 Temperature 12.9 Instrumentation 12.10 Application Judge Yourself 13. Refractometry 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Refractometry 13.2 Laws of Refraction 13.
4 Critical Angle of Refracti.