This casebook provides a comprehensive examination of the legal relationships between American Indian tribes, their citizens, the federal government, individual states, and others. The book reviews the European colonization process that is at the root of the federal-tribal relationship. The U.S. Supreme Court's foundational cases are incorporated with statutory text, background material, hypothetical questions, and discussion problems to structure the classroom experience and enhance student engagement. History is critical to understanding American Indian law as it now exists and it is covered and explained to highlight how it shapes current law. The fifth edition includes expanded materials on law and order within Indian country, the Indian Child Welfare Act, water rights, Hawaii, and Alaska as well as recent Executive Branch actions that increase tribal authority. The authors update the book with a supplement after the end of the Supreme Court's term every summer.