Introduction-Touraj Atabaki * The Emergency of the Political Community in Iran-Ahmad Kasravi and the Revolt of Shaikh Mohammad Khiyabani--Homa Katouzian * The Muhjerat and the Provisional Government in Kermanshah during the First World War--Mansoureh Ettehadiyyeh * Iranian Nationalism and the Government Gendarmerie during the First World War-Stephanie Cronin * Going East: The Ottoman's Secret Service Activities in Iran-Touraj Atabaki * Kermanshah 1915:Ra'uf Bey's Passage to India, a Prelude to Ottoman Policy-Kaveh Bayat * The Iranian Armenians during the First World War-Magdalena Golnazarian * The Iranian Kurds in the First World War-Martin van Bruinessen * Ideology, Organization and Dissent in the Jangali Movement--Pezhman Dailami * The Gilian Republic and the 'Ulama in the Hot Summer of 1920-Janet Afary * The Council of International Propaganda and the Establishment of the Iranian Communist Party 1920-Oliver Bast.