This book explores the psychology of altered states among the early Sufis. It examines sama', i.e. listening to ritual recitation, music and certain other aural phenomena, and its effect in inducing unusual states of consciousness and behaviors. The focus is on the earliest personalities of the Islamic mystical tradition, as mediated by texts from the 10th to the 12th centuries C.E. These unusual states are interpreted in the light of current research in Western psychology, and also in terms of their integration into historical Islamic culture. A Psychology of Early Sufi Sama' provides new insights into the work of five Sufi authors, and a fresh approach to the relation between historical accounts of altered states and current psychological thinking.