Preface xv Preface to the Third Edition xvii Preface to the Second Edition xxi Preface to the First Edition xxiii List of Symbols xxv 1 Fundamental Principles 1 1.1 Mass Conservation / 2 1.2 Force Balances (Momentum Equations) / 4 1.3 First Law of Thermodynamics / 8 1.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics / 15 1.5 Rules of Scale Analysis / 17 1.6 Heatlines for Visualizing Convection / 21 References / 22 Problems / 25 2 Laminar Boundary Layer Flow 30 2.1 Fundamental Problem in Convective Heat Transfer / 31 2.

2 Concept of Boundary Layer / 34 2.3 Scale Analysis / 37 2.4 Integral Solutions / 42 2.5 Similarity Solutions / 48 2.5.1 Method / 48 2.5.2 Flow Solution / 51 2.

5.3 Heat Transfer Solution / 53 2.6 Other Wall Heating Conditions / 56 2.6.1 Unheated Starting Length / 57 2.6.2 Arbitrary Wall Temperature / 58 2.6.

3 Uniform Heat Flux / 60 2.6.4 Film Temperature / 61 2.7 Longitudinal Pressure Gradient: Flow Past a Wedge and Stagnation Flow / 61 2.8 Flow Through the Wall: Blowing and Suction / 64 2.9 Conduction Across a Solid Coating Deposited on a Wall / 68 2.10 Entropy Generation Minimization in Laminar Boundary Layer Flow / 71 2.11 Heatlines in Laminar Boundary Layer Flow / 74 2.

12 Distribution of Heat Sources on a Wall Cooled by Forced Convection / 77 2.13 The Flow of Stresses / 79 References / 80 Problems / 82 3 Laminar Duct Flow 96 3.1 Hydrodynamic Entrance Length / 97 3.2 Fully Developed Flow / 100 3.3 Hydraulic Diameter and Pressure Drop / 103 3.4 Heat Transfer To Fully Developed Duct Flow / 110 3.4.1 Mean Temperature / 110 3.

4.2 Fully Developed Temperature Profile / 112 3.4.3 Uniform Wall Heat Flux / 114 3.4.4 Uniform Wall Temperature / 117 3.5 Heat Transfer to Developing Flow / 120 3.5.

1 Scale Analysis / 121 3.5.2 Thermally Developing Hagen Poiseuille Flow / 122 3.5.3 Thermally and Hydraulically Developing Flow / 128 3.6 Stack of Heat-Generating Plates / 129 3.7 Heatlines in Fully Developed Duct Flow / 134 3.8 Duct Shape for Minimum Flow Resistance / 137 3.

9 Tree-Shaped Flow / 139 References / 147 Problems / 153 4 External Natural Convection 168 4.1 Natural Convection as a Heat Engine in Motion / 169 4.2 Laminar Boundary Layer Equations / 173 4.3 Scale Analysis / 176 4.3.1 High-Pr Fluids / 177 4.3.2 Low-Pr Fluids / 179 4.

3.3 Observations / 180 4.4 Integral Solution / 182 4.4.1 High-Pr Fluids / 183 4.4.2 Low-Pr Fluids / 184 4.5 Similarity Solution / 186 4.

6 Uniform Wall Heat Flux / 189 4.7 Effect of Thermal Stratification / 192 4.8 Conjugate Boundary Layers / 195 4.9 Vertical Channel Flow / 197 4.10 Combined Natural and Forced Convection (Mixed Convection) / 200 4.11 Heat Transfer Results Including the Effect of Turbulence / 203 4.11.1 Vertical Walls / 203 4.

11.2 Inclined Walls / 205 4.11.3 Horizontal Walls / 207 4.11.4 Horizontal Cylinder / 209 4.11.5 Sphere / 209 4.

11.6 Vertical Cylinder / 210 4.11.7 Other Immersed Bodies / 211 4.12 Stack of Vertical Heat-Generating Plates / 213 4.13 Distribution of Heat Sources on a Vertical Wall / 216 References / 218 Problems / 221 5 Internal Natural Convection 233 5.1 Transient Heating from the Side / 233 5.1.

1 Scale Analysis / 233 5.1.2 Criterion for Distinct Vertical Layers / 237 5.1.3 Criterion for Distinct Horizontal Jets / 238 5.2 Boundary Layer Regime / 241 5.3 Shallow Enclosure Limit / 248 5.4 Summary of Results for Heating from the Side / 255 5.

4.1 Isothermal Sidewalls / 255 5.4.2 Sidewalls with Uniform Heat Flux / 259 5.4.3 Partially Divided Enclosures / 259 5.4.4 Triangular Enclosures / 262 5.

5 Enclosures Heated from Below / 262 5.5.1 Heat Transfer Results / 263 5.5.2 Scale Theory of the Turbulent Regime / 265 5.5.3 Constructal Theory of B´enard Convection / 267 5.6 Inclined Enclosures / 274 5.

7 Annular Space Between Horizontal Cylinders / 276 5.8 Annular Space Between Concentric Spheres / 278 5.9 Enclosures for Thermal Insulation and Mechanical Strength / 278 References / 284 Problems / 289 6 Transition to Turbulence 295 6.1 Empirical Transition Data / 295 6.2 Scaling Laws of Transition / 297 6.3 Buckling of Inviscid Streams / 300 6.4 Local Reynolds Number Criterion for Transition / 304 6.5 Instability of Inviscid Flow / 307 6.

6 Transition in Natural Convection on a Vertical Wall / 313 References / 315 Problems / 318 7 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow 320 7.1 Large-Scale Structure / 320 7.2 Time-Averaged Equations / 322 7.3 Boundary Layer Equations / 325 7.4 Mixing Length Model / 328 7.5 Velocity Distribution / 329 7.6 Wall Friction in Boundary Layer Flow / 336 7.7 Heat Transfer in Boundary Layer Flow / 338 7.

8 Theory of Heat Transfer in Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow / 342 7.9 Other External Flows / 347 7.9.1 Single Cylinder in Cross Flow / 347 7.9.2 Sphere / 349 7.9.3 Other Body Shapes / 350 7.

9.4 Arrays of Cylinders in Cross Flow / 351 7.10 Natural Convection Along Vertical Walls / 356 References / 359 Problems / 361 8 Turbulent Duct Flow 369 8.1 Velocity Distribution / 369 8.2 Friction Factor and Pressure Drop / 371 8.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient / 376 8.4 Total Heat Transfer Rate / 380 8.4.

1 Isothermal Wall / 380 8.4.2 Uniform Wall Heating / 382 8.4.3 Time-Dependent Heat Transfer / 382 8.5 More Refined Turbulence Models / 383 8.6 Heatlines in Turbulent Flow Near a Wall / 387 8.7 Channel Spacings for Turbulent Flow / 389 References / 390 Problems / 392 9 Free Turbulent Flows 398 9.

1 Free Shear Layers / 398 9.1.1 Free Turbulent Flow Model / 398 9.1.2 Velocity Distribution / 401 9.1.3 Structure of Free Turbulent Flows / 402 9.1.

4 Temperature Distribution / 404 9.2 Jets / 405 9.2.1 Two-Dimensional Jets / 406 9.2.2 Round Jets / 409 9.2.3 Jet in Density-Stratified Reservoir / 411 9.

3 Plumes / 413 9.3.1 Round Plume and the Entrainment Hypothesis / 413 9.3.2 Pulsating Frequency of Pool Fires / 418 9.3.3 Geometric Similarity of Free Turbulent Flows / 421 9.4 Thermal Wakes Behind Concentrated Sources / 422 References / 425 Problems / 426 10 Convection with Change of Phase 428 10.

1 Condensation / 428 10.1.1 Laminar Film on a Vertical Surface / 428 10.1.2 Turbulent Film on a Vertical Surface / 435 10.1.3 Film Condensation in Other Configurations / 438 10.1.

4 Drop Condensation / 445 10.2 Boiling / 447 10.2.1 Pool Boiling Regimes / 447 10.2.2 Nucleate Boiling and Peak Heat Flux / 451 10.2.3 Film Boiling and Minimum Heat Flux / 454 10.

2.4 Flow Boiling / 457 10.3 Contact Melting and Lubrication / 457 10.3.1 Plane Surfaces with Relative Motion / 458 10.3.2 Other Contact Melting Configurations / 462 10.3.

3 Scale Analysis and Correlation / 464 10.3.4 Melting Due to Viscous Heating in the Liquid Film / 466 10.4 Melting By Natural Convection / 469 10.4.1 Transition from the Conduction Regime to the Convection Regime / 469 10.4.2 Quasisteady Convection Regime / 472 10.

4.3 Horizontal Spreading of the Melt Layer / 474 References / 478 Problems / 482 11 Mass Transfer 489 11.1 Properties of Mixtures / 489 11.2 Mass Conservation / 492 11.3 Mass Diffusivities / 497 11.4 Boundary Conditions / 499 11.5 Laminar Forced Convection / 501 11.6 Impermeable Surface Model / 504 11.

7 Other External Forced Convection Configurations / 506 11.8 Internal Forced Convection / 509 11.9 Natural Convection / 511 11.9.1 Mass-Transfer-Driven Flow / 512 11.9.2 Heat-Transfer-Driven Flow / 513 11.10 Turbulent Flow / 516 11.

10.1 Time-Averaged Concentration Equation / 516 11.10.2 Forced Convection Results / 517 11.10.3 Contaminant Removal from a Ventilated Enclosure / 520 11.11 Massfunction and Masslines / 527 11.12 Effect of Chemical Reaction / 527 References / 531 Problems / 532 12 Convection in Porous Media 537 12.

1 Mass Conservation / 537 12.2 Darcy Flow Model and the Forchheimer Modification / 540 12.3 First Law of Thermodynamics / 542 12.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics / 546 12.5 Forced Convection / 547 12.5.1 Boundary Layers / 547 12.5.

2 Concentrated Heat Sources / 552 12.5.3 Sphere and Cylinder in Cross Flow / 553 12.5.4 Channel Filled with Porous Medium / 554 12.6 Natural Convection Boundary Layers / 555 12.6.1 Boundary Layer Equations: Vertical Wall / 555 12.

6.2 Uniform Wall Temperature / 556 12.6.3 Uniform Wall Heat Flux / 558 12.6.4 Spacings for Channels Filled with Porous Structures / 559 12.6.5 Conjugate Boundary Layers / 562 12.

6.6 Thermal Stratification / 563 12.6.7 Sphere and Horizontal Cylinder / 566 12.6.8 Horizontal Walls / 567 12.6.9 Concentrated Heat Sources / 567 12.

7 Enc.