Introduction 21Chapter I. Due diligence in international law: history and "renaissance" . 32Introduction 32A. The origins of due diligence in international law 331. The historiography of due diligence in international law 342. The genealogy of due diligence in international law 37B. The "renaissance" of due diligence in international law 48Chapter II. The general regime of due diligence in international law .

58Introduction 58A. The nature and foundation of due diligence 61B. The sources and regimes of due diligence 691. The due diligence standard in general international law 692. Due diligence obligations in the special regimes of international law 72C. The scope of due diligence 761. The personal scope of due diligence 77(a) The duty-bearers of due diligence 77(b) The beneficiaries of due diligence 85(c) The third parties of due diligence 892. The material scope of due diligence 953.

The geographic scope of due diligence 974. The temporal scope of due diligence 99D. The conditions of due diligence 101E. The content of due diligence 1021. Obligations of x with due diligence 1032. Due diligence measures or the absence of nuisance by negligence . 1063. The reasonable character of diligence 107F.

The variability of due diligence 1171. The principle of variability of due diligence 1182. The parameters of variability of due diligence 120(a) Knowledge of the (risk of) harm 121(b) Capacity to adopt measures 121(c) Control over the source of the (risk of) harm 122(d) Degree of the risk of harm 123(e) Severity of the potential harm 123(f) Vulnerability or special quality of the beneficiary 123G. The limits of due diligence 124Chapter III. Due diligence in international responsibility law 128Introduction 128A. Negligence in international responsibility law 1331. International responsibility without fault 1332. Fault in international responsibility 136(a) Explicit traces of negligence in international responsibility law .

137(b) Tacit traces of negligence in international responsibility law . 140B. Due diligence and the conditions of international responsibility 1411. Responsibility for negligence and the condition of attribution 143(a) Responsibility for negligence and responsibility by attribution of the conduct of private persons 144(b) Responsibility for negligence and responsibility by attribution of the responsibility of another State or IO 1462. Responsibility for negligence and the condition of the breach of inter- national law 153C. Due diligence and the content of international responsibility 158D. Due diligence and the implementation of international responsibility . 1601.

The invocation of responsibility for negligence in case of a plurality of responsible States and/or IOs 1612. The invocation of responsibility for negligence and countermeasures 163Chapter IV. Due diligence in the special regimes of international law . 166 Introduction 166A. Due diligence in international environmental law and international cyber- security law 1671. Due diligence in international environmental law 167(a) The nature and sources of due diligence in international environ- mental law 168(b) The scope, content, variability and limits of due diligence in international environmental law 1742. Due diligence in international cybersecurity law by way of comparison 179(a) International cybersecurity law against the background of the general regime of due diligence 180(b) A comparative assessment of due diligence in international cyber- security law and international environmental law 183B. Due diligence in international human rights law 1851.

The nature and sources of due diligence in international human rights law 1872. The scope of due diligence in international human rights law 193(a) The personal scope of due diligence in international human rights law 194(b) The material scope of due diligence in international human rights law 203(c) The geographic scope of due diligence in international human rights law 204(d) The temporal scope of due diligence in international human rights law 2053. The conditions, content, variability and limits of due diligence in inter- national human rights law 206Conclusion 210Bibliography 217.