Chemistry of Antibiotics and Related Drugs Contents: 1 Introduction 1.1 Definition of antibiotics 1.2 History of antibiotics 1.3 The ideal antibiotic 1.4 Sources of antibiotics 1.5 Discovery of modern antibiotics 1.6 Classification of Antibiotics 1.7 Background Biochemistry information 1.

7.1 Enzymes 1.7.2 Enzyme inhibitors 1.7.3 Enzyme mechanisms 1.7.4 Metabolism and metabolic pathways 1.

7.5 Thermodynamics of metabolic pathways 1.7.6 High energy compounds 1.7.7 Metabolically irreversible and near equilibrium reactions 1.7.8 Membrane transport 2 Development of resistance to antibiotics 2.

1 Antibiotics no longer considered to be miracle drugs 2.2 Detection of antibiotic resistance 2.3 Classification of antibiotic resistance 2.4 Resistance development by point mutations 2.5 Selection for resistance 2.6 Resistance development by resistance gene acquisition 2.7 Mechanism of antimicrobial resistance 2.8 Synthetic antibiotics 2.

9 Alternative approaches for studying antibiotics 2.10 Antibiotic use in animals 2.10.1 Therapeutic use 2.10.2 Subtherapeutic use 2.11 Prevention of antibiotic resistance development 3 Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis 3.1 Background biochemistry information 3.

1.1 Carbohydrates 3.1.2. Molecular structure of bacterial cell wall 3.2 Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan of the cell wall 3.2.1 Stage 1: The cytosolic phase of synthesis 3.

2.2 Stage 2: The membrane phase of synthesis 3.2.3 Stage 3: The cell wall phase of synthesis 3.3 Antibiotics that inhibit cell wall biosynthesis 3.3.1 Antibiotics targeting the cytosolic phase of synthesis 3.3.

1.1 Fosfomycin 3.3.1.2 D-Cycloserine 3.3.2 Antibiotics targeting the cell wall phase of synthesis 3.3.

2.1 Penicillin 3.3.2.2 Cephalosporin 3.3.2.3 Mechanism of action of penicillin 3.

3.2.4 Resistance to b-lactam antibiotics 3.3.2.5 b-lactamase: an enzyme that inactivates b-lactam drugs 3.3.2.

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