Preface ix Chapter 1 Construction Graphics: An Overview 1 Introduction 2 Graphics and Builders 2 Challenges Facing the Design Professional: Telling a Complicated Story 2 Dialects and the Standardization of Drawings 4 Participants in the Design Process: Owners, Design Professionals, and Contractors 5 Varying Professional Viewpoints: Legal Responsibilities, Education, Training, and the Consequences of Diversity 7 Summary 9 Chapter 2 The Construction Business Environment 11 The Construction Industry 12 Evolution of a Building Construction Project 14 What Contractors Do 20 Summary 22 Chapter 3 The Design Professional''s Work Product 23 The Project Manual 24 Construction Drawings: Organization and Content 24 The International System of Units 28 Jurisdictional Confusion: Drawing Interdependence 30 Residential and Commercial Building Construction Drawings: A Comparison 31 Summary 34 Chapter 4 Construction Drawings 35 Scale, Scales, and Scaled Drawings 36 Determining Dimensions without a Scale 38 Projection Types 38 Views: Plans, Elevations, and Sections 40 Pictorial Drawings 42 Dimensioning: How Big Is It? Where Does It Go? 47 Lettering, Notes, and Leaders 48 Lines 49 Symbols 50 Schedules 51 What Constitutes Good Graphics? 53 Interpreting Working Drawings 56 Summary 60 Chapter 5 Sketching 61 Introduction 62 Drawing Instruments and Media 62 Manner and Style of the Presentation 62 Other Useful Geometric Construction Techniques 67 Formatting and Composing Properly Proportioned Sketches 72 Summary 72 Chapter 6 Site Construction 75 Site Construction: Preparation and Improvements 76 What to Expect in the Drawings 76 Graphic Expression in Site Construction Drawings 79 Translating the Drawings into Work 86 Summary 100 Chapter 7 Foundation Systems 101 Purpose of Foundations 102 What to Expect in the Drawings 102 Graphic Expression in Foundation Drawings 102 Translating the Drawings into Work 107 Summary 118 Chapter 8 Framing Systems 119 Purpose of Framing Systems 120 What to Expect in the Drawings 121 Common Graphic Conventions 121 Framing System Drawings: Subject Matter and Orientation 127 Translating the Drawings into Work 128 Design Decisions Affecting the Construction Process 160 Summary 164 Chapter 9 Cladding, Glazing, and Exterior Doors 167 Purpose of Cladding, Glazing, and Exterior Doors 168 What to Expect in the Drawings 169 Common Graphic Conventions in Cladding, Glazing, and Exterior Doors 170 Translating the Drawings into Work 180 Summary 193 Chapter 10 Roof Systems 195 Purpose of Roof Systems 196 What to Expect in the Drawings 196 Common Graphic Conventions in Roof Structures and Coverings 197 Correlating the Drawings with Work Concerns 215 Summary 218 Chapter 11 Interior Construction 219 Purpose of Interior Construction 220 What to Expect in the Drawings 220 Schedules 220 Common Graphic Conventions in Interior Construction 220 The Takeoff 258 Summary 258 Chapter 12 Mechanical Systems 265 Purpose of Mechanical Systems 266 What to Expect in the Drawings 266 Deciphering the Drawings 270 Plumbing Systems 272 Common Graphic Conventions in Mechanical Systems 281 The Takeoff 304 Summary 305 Chapter 13 Electrical Systems 307 Purpose 308 Elements of Electrical Systems 308 What to Expect in the Drawings 309 Common Graphic Conventions in Electrical Drawings 309 Translating the Drawings into Work 328 Summary 334 Chapter 14 Fabrication Drawings 335 Problems Inherent in the Design and Construction Processes 336 Submittals Defined 336 Submittal Process 337 Shop Drawing Production 338 What to Expect in the Drawings 339 Summary 355 Appendix A Estimating and the Takeoff--A Brief Overview 357 Appendix B Answers to the Exercises 359 Appendix C Residential Construction Drawings 365 Appendix D Drawing Review: A Journey through Commercial Building Construction Drawings 401 Appendix E Welding in Construction 427 Appendix F MasterFormat(tm) 2004 Division Numbers and Titles 443 Appendix G Executing a Site Section 445 Glossary 451 Selected References 459 Index 463.