Preface Acknowledgements PART I: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES1. Introduction What Economics Is About Uses of Economic Theory The Scope of Economics Individuals, Families, and Households A Further Note on Terminology Outline of the Book Questions for Review and Discussion Key Terms APPENDIX 1A A Review of Supply and Demand in the Labor Market 2. Women and Men: Historical Perspectives The Source of Gender Differences: Nature Versus Nurture-The Ongoing Debate Factors Influencing Women''s Relative Status Women''s Roles and Economic Development The US Experience Colonial America: The Preindustrial Period Period of Industrialization The Evolution of the Family and Women''s Labor Force Participation Historical Evidence on Occupations and Earnings Economic Incentives: An Engine of Change for Women''s Property Rights College-Educated Women Over the Last 100 Years: Work, Family, or Both? Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings Key Terms PART II: THE ALLOCATION OF TIME BETWEEN THE HOUSEHOLD AND THE LABOR MARKET 3. The Family as an Economic Unit: Theoretical Perspectives The Simple Neoclassical Model: Specialization and Exchange Comparative Advantage Specialization and Exchange: Numerical Examples Decreasing Gains to Specialization and Exchange and theShift Away from the Traditional Family Disadvantages of Specialization Lack of Sharing of Housework Life Cycle Changes Costs of Interdependence Tastes and Bargaining Power Domestic Violence Advantages of Families beyond Specialization Economies of Scale Public Goods Externalities in Consumption Gains from Shared Consumption Marriage-Specific Investments Risk Pooling Institutional Advantages Transaction Cost and Bargaining Approaches Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings Key Terms APPENDIX 3A Specialization and Exchange: A Graphical Analysis 4. The Family as an Economic Unit: Evidence Time Spent in Nonmarket Work Time Spent in Housework Time Spent with Children Time Spent in Volunteer Work Estimating the Value of Nonmarket Production The September 11th Victim Compensation Fund of 2001: Just Compensation? The American Family in the Twenty-First Century The Status of Same-Sex Marriage in the United States: A 180 Degree TurnConclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Internet-Based Data Exercise Suggested Readings Key Terms 5. The Labor Force: Definitions and Trends The Labor Force: Some Definitions Trends in Labor Force Participation Broad Labor Force Trends by Gender: 1890 to Present Labor Force Trends by Race/Ethnicity Labor Force Trends over the Life Cycle Trends in Labor Force Attachment of Women Trends in Hours Worked Trends in Gender Differences in Unemployment COVID-19, GENDER, RACE AND ETHNICITY: A Crisis Which Laid Bare and Exacerbated Long-Standing Inequalities (But May Open the Door for Future Policy Action) Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Internet-Based Data Exercise Suggested Readings Key Terms 6. The Labor Supply Decision The Labor Supply Decision The Budget Constraint Indifference Curves The Labor Force Participation Decision The Value of Nonmarket Time (w*) The Value of Market Time (w) The Hours Decision Empirical Evidence on the Responsiveness of Labor Supply to Wages and Income Labor Supply Elasticities Economic Conditions Some Applications of the Theory: Taxes, Childcare Costs, and Labor Supply Taxes and the Decision to Work Government Subsidies of Childcare and Women''s Labor Force Participation Other Factors Affecting Childcare Costs and Women''s Labor Force Participation Analyzing the Long-Term Growth in Women''s Labor Force Participation Factors Influencing the Value of Market Time (w) Factors Influencing the Value of Nonmarket Time (w*) The World War II Experience: Women''s Surge in Labor Force Participation Recent Trends in Women''s Labor Force Participation: Has the Engine of Growth Stalled? Analyzing Trends in Men''s Labor Force Participation Black and White Participation Differentials: Serious Employment Problems for Black Men Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings Key Terms APPENDIX 6A The Income and Substitution Effects: A Closer Look PART III: LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES: THEORY, EVIDENCE, AND POLICY 7. Evidence on Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes Gender Differences in Occupations Overview of Gender Differences in Occupations Measuring Occupational Segregation Hierarchies within Occupations Evaluating the Extent of Occupational Segregation Trends in Occupational Segregation by Sex Women in the Military: No Positions Are Off Limits as of 2016 The Gender Pay Ratio The Gender Pay Gap in the News Gender Differences in Union Membership Gender Differences in Self-Employment Gender Differences in Nonstandard Work Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Internet-Based Data Exercise Suggested Readings Key Terms 8.

Gender Differences in Educational Attainment: Theory and Evidence Supply and Demand Explanations: An Overview What Is Human Capital? Gender Differences in Levels of Educational Attainment Gender Differences in High School Coursework and College Field of Study Why are Women Underrepresented in Economics? The Educational Investment Decision Calculating the Net Present Value of a Human Capital Investment The Rising College Wage or Earnings Premium Education and Productivity Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions:The Human Capital Explanation Where Are the Women Economics Majors? Gender Differences in Educational Investment Decisions:Social Influences and Anticipation of Discrimination Historical Background: Overt Discrimination by Educational Institutions Socialization Biased Evaluations Subtle Barriers: Role Models, Mentoring, and Networking The Impact of Title IX-Sports, Academics, Sexual Harassment, and Sexual Violence Explaining Women''s Rising Educational Attainment Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Internet-Based Data Exercise Suggested Readings Key Terms 9. Other Supply-Side Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes On-the-Job Training and Labor Market Experience Gender Differences in Labor Market Experience The On-the-Job Training Investment Decision General Training Firm-Specific Training Why Do Firms Pay Tuition Benefits? Experience and Productivity Gender Differences in Training Investment Decisions Expected Work Life Discrimination Occupations and Earnings Temporal Flexibility and the Gender Wage Gap Family-Related Earnings Gaps Traditional Gender Roles and Gender Wage Gaps Wage Penalties and Premiums Associated with Marriage and Parenthood Gender Differences in Psychological Attributes ("Soft Skills")Attitudes toward Negotiating Attitudes toward Competition Attitudes toward Risk Gender Differences in the "Big Five" Personality Traits A Closer Look at Gender Differences in Math Test Scores Women, Math, and Stereotype Threat Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings Key Terms 10. Explaining Gender Differences in Earnings and Occupations: Supply-Side Factors versus Labor Market Discrimination Labor Market Discrimination: A Definition Analyzing the Sources of Gender Differences in Labor Market Outcomes Empirical Evidence on the Sources of Gender Differences in Earnings Evidence from Statistical Analyses: Labor Market-wide Evidence Biases in the Unexplained Gap as an Estimate of Discrimination Evidence on Possible Sources of the Unexplained Gender Wage Gap The Effect of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity on Labor Market OutcomesFurther Evidence from Statistical Analyses: A Look at Subgroups of College Graduates, Lawyers, and MBAs Evidence on Discrimination from Experiments Evidence on Discrimination from Court Cases Evidence on Discrimination: An Assessment Discrimination Against Blacks and HispanicsThe Declining Gender Pay Gap The Context: Widening Wage Inequality Determinants of Trends in the Gender Wage Gap The Minimum Wage: What Is It? Explaining the Decline in the Gender Wage Gap Minorities Fared Less Well in Narrowing the Wage Gap with Whites Empirical Evidence on the Causes and Consequences of Gender Differences in Occupations Consequences of Occupational Segregation Causes of Occupational Segregation Is There a Glass Ceiling? Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings Key Terms APPENDIX 10A Regression Analysis and Empirical Estimates of Labor Market Discrimination 11. Labor Market Discrimination: TheoryTheories of Labor Market Discrimination: An Overview Tastes for Discrimination Employer Discrimination Employee Discrimination Customer Discrimination Subtle Barriers Statistical Discrimination Perceptions of Average Gender Differences Can Result in a Pay Gap Statistical Discrimination and Feedback Effects Empirical Evidence on Gender Differences in Quitting The Overcrowding Model Institutional Models The Internal Labor Market Primary and Secondary Jobs Feedback Effects Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings Key Terms 12. Government Policies to Combat Employment Discrimination Rationales for Government Intervention Equal Employment Opportunity Laws and Regulations Equal Pay Act Title VII of the Civil Rights Act Executive Order 11246 and Affirmative Action Major Court Decisions and Legislation That Have Shaped the Equal Employment Laws and Regulations Employer Questions about Salary History are Now Banned in Many States and LocalitiesEffectiveness of the Government''s Antidiscrimination Effort Affirmative Action Quotas for Women in the Boardroom Comparable Worth 340Job Evaluation Conclusion Questions for Review and Discussion Suggested Readings Key Terms PART IV: THE ECONOMICS OF THE FAMILY: THEORY, EVIDENCE, AND POLICY 13. Changing Work Roles and Family Formation Economic Explanations for Family Formation The Role of Gains to Specialization in Production Declining Gains from Specialization in Production Other Benefits fr.