Preface, Chapter One: Assessing Changes in Living Standards in Southeast Asia in the 20th and Early 21st Centuries: What Indicators Should We Look At? Chapter Two: The Colonial Period: Population and Output Growth in Agricultural and Non-agricultural Sectors Chapter Three: The Colonial Period: Measures of Welfare and Changing Living Standards Chapter Four: Confronting the Challenges of Independence Chapter Five: Estimating Poverty and Inequality: Country Estimates from the 1950s to the 1970s Chapter Six: The 1980s and the 1990s: The Fast and the Slow in Southeast Asia Chapter Seven: Growth, Poverty and Distribution in the Early 21st Century The Impact of Accelerated Growth after 2004: The Evidence from National Poverty Lines Creating Internationally Comparable Poverty Estimates Trends in Inequality: 2005-15 Flaws in the Household Surveys Should Monetary Estimates be Abandoned? Human Development Rankings Inequality in Non-monetary Indicators Chapter Eight: Government Policy Interventions Chapter Nine: What Have We Learned? Concluding Comments, Bibliography, Index.