Introduction Acknowledgements Interpreting historical conservation terminology: 'cleaning' paintings in Dutch eighteenth- and nineteenth-century sources Mireille te Marvelde Art, science and painting restoration in Napoleonic Italy, 1796-98 Cathleen Hoeniger Raphael's Marriage of the Virgin in Milan and the restoration by Giuseppe Molteni (1858) Giorgio Bonsanti A higher reality, born of the mind: notes for a philosophy of transfer Matthew Hayes Richard Redgrave (1804-1888): first curator of paintings at the South Kensington Museum Nicola Costaras Charles Chapuis: Degas' 'picture doctor' and painting restoration at the end of the nineteenth century Ann Hoenigswald Il Manuale by Giovanni Secco Suardo: its impact on the development of conservation and restoration in the nineteenth century Bettina Achsel The conservation of polychromy on mediaval sculptures in Belgium in the nineteenth century and its perception by the Royal Monuments Commission of the time Delphine Steyaert The search for an enduring painting technique: Franz Fernbach and his encaustic technique as a restoration procedure for wall-paintings in the early nineteenth century Barbara Beckett Jacob Kornerup and the conservation of wall-paintings in nineteenth-century Denmark Susanne Orum and Isabelle Brajer Documentation of medieval wall-paintings in Denmark and Germany in the nineteenth century and its impact on conservation and contemporaneous art Isabelle Brajer, Ursula Schadler-Saub and Susanne Orum Bonnardot's Essai: a nineteenth-century restoration manual and its author Christopher Sokolowski The test of time: nineteenth-century innovations in paper fibre analysis Debora D. Mayer Restoration of flat textiles: ideological framework, ideas and treatment methods in Sweden before 1900 Maria Brunskog and Johanna Nilsson Documentary and material evidence of nineteenth-century interventions on musical instruments of the collection of the Musee de la musique in Paris Jean-Philippe Echard, Justine Provino, Thierry Maniguet, Christine Laloue, Joel Dugot, Stephane Vaiedelich The restoration and conservation of the bronze Apollo Saettante from Pompeii Erik Risser and David Saunders Precision and mastery: identifying the work of Raffaele Gargiulo on four Apulian vases Marie Svoboda Preservation of prehistoric objects in Denmark, 1807-32 Helge Brinch Madsen and Jan Holme Andersen.