Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Chapter 1 Guiding Principles of Morningstar's Equity Research 1 Question 1: How Can We Identify Which Businesses Are Great? 2 Question 2: When Is the Best Time to Invest in Great Businesses? 6 Chapter 2 What Makes a Moat? 11 Moat Sources 13 Notes 33 Chapter 3 Why Moat Trends Matter 35 Contributed by Stephen Ellis, a member of Morningstar's Economic Moat Committee and head of Financial Services equity research at Morningstar Moat Trends and Fundamental Performance 37 Five Key Considerations for Moat Trends 38 Intangibles 41 Cost Advantage 44 Switching Costs 47 Network Effect 51 Efficient Scale 54 Best Practices for Moat Trend Analysis 57 Chapter 4 How Stewardship Affects Economic Moats 61 Contributed by Todd Wenning, who oversees Morningstar's equity stewardship methodology Meet Our Stewardship Methodology 62 Drilling Down 63 Chapter 5 Applying Moats to Dividend Investing 81 Contributed by Josh Peters, director of equity-income strategy for Morningstar and editor of the Morningstar ® DividendInvestor SM newsletter Why Dividends Matter 83 Which Dividends? 87 Chapter 6 The Importance of Valuation 93 Contributed by Joel Bloomer, Matt Coffina, and Gareth James, members of Morningstar's Moat Committee and contributors to Morningstar's valuation methodology Valuation Concepts 95 Cost of Capital and Returns on Capital 96 Morningstar's Valuation Approach 97 Example: Calculating ROIC 99 Forecasting Future Free Cash Flows 102 The Morningstar RatingTM for Stocks 106 Fair Value Uncertainty and Cost of Equity 107 Notes 111 Chapter 7 Do Moat Ratings Predict Stock Returns? 113 Contributed by Warren Miller, head of quantitative research at Morningstar Chapter 8 Putting Moat and Valuation to Work: Portfolio Strategies 121 Wide Moat Focus Index 121 The Tortoise and Hare Portfolios 124 Chapter 9 Basic Materials 129 Commodity Manufacturers 130 Commodity Processors 133 Metals and Mining 135 Chapter 10 Consumer 139 Beverages 140 Consumer Products 141 Tobacco 143 Restaurants 144 Retail Defensive 146 Specialty Retail 148 Lodging 149 Notes 151 Chapter 11 Energy 153 Oil and Gas Drilling 154 Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 156 Oil and Gas Midstream 158 Refining 159 Oil and Gas Integrateds 161 Engineering Services 163 Chapter 12 Financial Services 167 Banks 168 Capital Markets 170 Credit Services 172 Financial Exchanges 173 Insurance 174 Chapter 13 Healthcare 177 Pharmaceuticals 178 Biotechnology 180 Medical Devices 182 Medical Instruments and Supplies 184 Diagnostics and Research 185 Chapter 14 Industrials 187 Railroads 188 Airport Operators 190 Aerospace and Defense 191 Trucking and Marine Shipping 192 Waste Management 193 Heavy Equipment 195 Diversified Industrials 197 Chapter 15 Technology 199 Consumer Technology 200 Enterprise Hardware Systems 202 IT Services 203 Semiconductors 205 Software 207 Telecom Services 209 Chapter 16 Utilities 211 Regulated and Diversified Utilities 212 Independent Power Producers 214 About the Authors 217 Index 221.