Preface Acknowledgements Part One: The Basic Issues 1 Setting the Stage The "Eclipse of History" in Ethology The "Eclipse of History" in Ecology A Revolution in Systematics The Reemergence of Macroevolution as an Evolutionary Phenomenon The Emergence of Historical Ecology 2 Tools of the Trade Terminology Groups of Organisms Relationships of Taxa Classifications Features of Organisms Hennig Argumentation: Building Trees Character Coding for Building Trees Multistate Transformation Series Polarization Arguments and Multistate Transformation Series Summary Answers to Some Common Questions and Misconceptions Part Two: Phylogeny and the Evolution of Diversity 3 Preamble to Speciation and Adaptation Speciation What is a Species? How Species Are Produced: Uncovering Patterns and Processes of Speciation The Frequency of Different Speciation Modes Macroevolution Trends in Diversity: Species Numbers Adaptation Summary 4 Speciation Assumptions of a Speciation Study Phylogenetic Patterns of Speciation Allopatric Speciation Parapatric and Alloparapatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation A Comment on Sympatric Speciation Some Sample Studies The Frequencies of Different Modes of Speciation Documenting the Influence of Microevolutionary Processes Macroevolutionary Trends in Diversity: Species Number Unusually Low Diversity Groups Unusually High Diversity Groups Summary 5 Adaptation Character Optimization: How to Interpret Characters on a Phylogenic Tree Methodical Caveats for the Historical Ecologist Formulating the Question The Temporal Sequence of Evolutionary Change Evolutionary Association of Traits: Coadapted Trait Complexes within a Clade Convergent Adaptation Divergent Adaptation Discovering Constraint: Is the Study Finished? Adaptive Radiations Adaptive Radiations in Ecological Preferences Adaptive radiations in Life Cycle Patterns Adaptive Radiations and Species Richness A Last Look at Adaptive Radiations A Comment on Transformational Aspects of Macroevolution Summary Part Three: Phylogeny and the Evolution of Ecological Associations 6 Preamble to Cospeciation and Coadaptation A Broad Based Coevolutionary Paradigm Cospeciation Cospeciation in a Geographical Context: How Did the Species Come to Be in This Area? Cospeciation in an Ecological Context: How Did the Species Come to Be in This Association? Coadaptation How Are the Members of an Association Interacting with One Another? The Evolution of Closely Interacting Clades The Evolution of Interacting Biotas Summary 7 Cospeciation Cospeciation in a Geographic Context: How Did the Species Come to Be in the Same Geographical Area? Basic Methodology Special Applications Case Studies Comments on Historical Biogeographic Studies Cospeciation among Ecological Associates: How Did these Particular Species Come to Be Associated with One Another? Historical Congruence: "Real" or Fortuitous? Do Related Groups Show Similar or Different Proportions or Cospeciation and Host Switching? Comments on Cospeciation in an Ecological Context Summary 8 Coadaptation Coevolutionary Dynamics: How Are the Members of an Association Interacting with One Another? Allopatric Cospeciation Resource Tracking Evolutionary Arms Race Case Studies Summary Coevolutionary and Evolutionary Specialization Resource Specificity Genetic Diversification Community Evolution: Composition and Structure of Multispecies Ecological Associations Preliminary Examples Summary 9 Prospective: Mastering the Possibilities of Historical Ecology The Current Database The Historical Ecological Perspective on Diversity: Speciation and Extinction Rates Adaptation and Key Innovations The Historical Ecological Perspective on Interactions Summary of the Current Database Possibilities for Future Research Conservation Integrating Historical Ecology and Functional Morphology Integrating the Experimental and Phylogenetic Approaches: From Pattern to Process Adaptive Changes in Quantitative Traits: Integrating the Statistical and Phylogenetic Approaches Integrating Historical Ecology with General Evolutionary Theory The Two Biological Hierarchies Spatial and Temporal Scaling Effects The Hierarchy of Evolution: Looking through Windows of Time References Index.