Biomass as Energy Source Introduction US Energy Use and Needs Biomass Energy Usage and Overall Energy Needs in OtherCountries Future of Agriculture Advantages and Disadvantages in Use of Biomass as EnergySource Sources of Biomass Available for Energy Use Units and Conversions Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biomass Conversion Processes Introduction Overview of Biomass Conversion Processes Chemical Conversion Processes Biological Conversion Processes Thermal Conversion Processes Hybrid Conversion Processes Applications of Biomass Conversion Products Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biomass Properties for Thermal Conversion Introduction Physical Properties of Biomass Important Thermal Related Properties Other Standard Methods for Biomass Analysis Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biomass Properties for Biological Conversion Introduction Properties of Biomass Important for Biological Conversion Standard Methods for Analysis and Examples Summary of ASTM Procedures for Compositional Analysis Biomass Pretreatment Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biodiesel Production Introduction Available Oil Production in United States Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Characteristics Fatty Acid Composition Other Basic Oil Properties Oil Extraction Processes Oil Refining Processes Transesterification ASTM Characterization Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions Design of Biodiesel Plants in United States Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Bioethanol Production Introduction Sugar Crops Starchy Crops Cellulosic Biomass Biomass Pretreatment Processes Household- and Village-Level Ethanol Production Systems Pilot-Scale Ethanol Production Systems Cellulosic Ethanol Studies Commercial Cellulosic Ethanol Plants in United States Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biogas Production Introduction Biomass/Waste Parameters Important in Anaerobic Digestion Acid- and Methane-Forming Microbes Advantages and Disadvantages of Anaerobic DigestionProcesses Biogas Conversion Process and Digester Designs First- and Second-Generation Biogas Digesters Design of Biogas Digester Biogas Utilization Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Torrefaction Introduction Bio-Physico-Chemical Changes in Biomass duringTorrefaction Torrefaction Products Physical Properties of Torrefied Biomass Comparison between Torrefied Biomass versusPelleted Biomass Thermal Gravimetric Analysis Studies of Biomass Chemical Composition Changes during Torrefactionof Biomass Advantages and Disadvantages of Torrefaction Process Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Pyrolysis Introduction Various Pyrolysis Processes Based on Heating Rates Effects of Temperature on Product Yields from Pyrolysisof Microalgae Applications of Products from Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Characterization Processes Bio-Oil Upgrade Processes Studies on Pyrolysis of Various Biomass Resources Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Gasification Introduction Chemistry of Biomass Gasification Various Types of Gasifiers Applications of Biomass Gasifiers Gasifier TDR and Throughput Gasification Studies at TAMU Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Advanced Gasification Introduction Determining Average Particle Size of Bed Material Minimum Fluidizing Velocity, Terminal Velocity, andPressure Drop in Fluidized Bed Reactors Operation of 0.3048 Fluidized Bed Gasifier Designing Dimensions of Fluidized Bed Gasifier Designing Dimensions of Series Cyclone CharRemoval System Direct Use of Synthesis Gas for Heat and Steam Production Electrical Power Production from Fluidized Bed Gasification Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biomass Liquefaction Introduction Indirect Liquefaction Processes Direct Liquefaction Processes Other Biomass Liquefaction Processes Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass LiquefactionProcesses Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biomass Combustion Introduction Types of Biomass Combustion Systems Co-Combustion of Biomass and Co-Firing with Coal Power Generation Case Studies in United States Slagging and Fouling Issues with Agricultural Biomass Determining Eutectic (or Melting) Point of Biomass AshPellets Applications of Biomass Combustion Systems Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biomass Sustainability Issues Introduction Well-to-Wheel Approach Discussions of Software and Programs for LCA and RelatedBiomass Analysis Biofuel Economics Sustainability of Biofuels Production Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Appendix A: Appropriate Units and Conversion Used Appendix B: Glossary of Terms in Biomass Conversion Processes Index mal Conversion Introduction Physical Properties of Biomass Important Thermal Related Properties Other Standard Methods for Biomass Analysis Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biomass Properties for Biological Conversion Introduction Properties of Biomass Important for Biological Conversion Standard Methods for Analysis and Examples Summary of ASTM Procedures for Compositional Analysis Biomass Pretreatment Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biodiesel Production Introduction Available Oil Production in United States Vegetable Oil and Animal Fat Characteristics Fatty Acid Composition Other Basic Oil Properties Oil Extraction Processes Oil Refining Processes Transesterification ASTM Characterization Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions Design of Biodiesel Plants in United States Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Bioethanol Production Introduction Sugar Crops Starchy Crops Cellulosic Biomass Biomass Pretreatment Processes Household- and Village-Level Ethanol Production Systems Pilot-Scale Ethanol Production Systems Cellulosic Ethanol Studies Commercial Cellulosic Ethanol Plants in United States Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Biogas Production Introduction Biomass/Waste Parameters Important in Anaerobic Digestion Acid- and Methane-Forming Microbes Advantages and Disadvantages of Anaerobic DigestionProcesses Biogas Conversion Process and Digester Designs First- and Second-Generation Biogas Digesters Design of Biogas Digester Biogas Utilization Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Torrefaction Introduction Bio-Physico-Chemical Changes in Biomass duringTorrefaction Torrefaction Products Physical Properties of Torrefied Biomass Comparison between Torrefied Biomass versusPelleted Biomass Thermal Gravimetric Analysis Studies of Biomass Chemical Composition Changes during Torrefactionof Biomass Advantages and Disadvantages of Torrefaction Process Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Pyrolysis Introduction Various Pyrolysis Processes Based on Heating Rates Effects of Temperature on Product Yields from Pyrolysisof Microalgae Applications of Products from Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Characterization Processes Bio-Oil Upgrade Processes Studies on Pyrolysis of Various Biomass Resources Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Gasification Introduction Chemistry of Biomass Gasification Various Types of Gasifiers Applications of Biomass Gasifiers Gasifier TDR and Throughput Gasification Studies at TAMU Conclusion Problems and Discussion Issues References Further Readings Advanced Gasification Introduction Determining Average Particle Size of Bed Material Minimum Fluidizing Velocity, Terminal Velocity, andPressure Drop in Fluidized Bed Reactors Operation of 0.3048 Fluidized Bed Gasifier Designing Dimensions of Fluidized Bed Gasifier Designing Dimensions of Series Cyclone CharRemoval System Direct Use of Synth.