Preface Why a Book on Mammal Coloration? My Journey Acknowledgments 1. Mammal Coloration: A Quick Guide Historical Context Why Are Extant Mammals Drab? Function in a Nutshell Development in a Nutshell Pigment Regulation Pigment Patterning Introgression Perception Homo sapiens Goals Unresolved Issues Synopsis 2. Color Perception Color History Spectral Sensitivities Distribution of Cells in the Retina Why Has Color Vision Evolved? Visual Acuity Vision in Mammals Monotremes and Marsupials Eutherians UV Sensitivity Primate Vision Catarrhines Platyrrhines Strepsirrhines Evolutionary Drivers of Primate Color Vision Benefits of Trichromacy Detection of Ripe Fruit Detection of Young Leaves Social Information Color Vision Polymorphism Insect Foraging Predation Heterozygote Advantage Unresolved Issues Synopsis 3. Color Production External Coloration Melanin Synthesis The Structure of Hair Hair Growth Molting Melanogenesis Genetics of Coat Color Anomalies in Melanogenesis Albinism Leucism Piebaldism Melanism Pattern Formation Carotenoids Blood Structural Coloration Fluorescence Cosmetics in Nonhuman Mammals Unresolved Issues Synopsis 4. Background Matching Ideas About General Resemblance Early Empirical Studies of Mammalian Coloration Phenotype-Environment Matching: Intraspecific Comparisons Phenotype-Environment Matching: Interspecific Comparisons Generalist or Specialist Background Matching Genetics of Coloration in Mammalian Background Matching Single Gene Mutations Multiple Mutations at Same Gene Transposable Elements Pattern Formation in Mammalian Protective Coloration Unresolved Issues Synopsis 5. Color Change Different Types of Color Change Historical Background Seasonal Changes Adaptive Significance Intrapopulation Variation Interpopulation Variation Thermoregulation Melanogenesis Introgression Physiology Climate Change Age Changes Natal Coats for Protective Coloration Other Functions Canities Melanocyte Aging Unresolved Issues Synopsis 6. Self-Shadow Concealment and Other Forms of Crypsis Camouflage Self-Shadow Concealment Eco-Correlates of Countershading Ruminants Primates Marine Mammals Small Mammals Disruptive Coloration Masquerade Antiparasitic Coloration Mechanism Morphogenesis Morphogenesis in Pattern Formation Unresolved Issues Synopsis 7. Color Variation Color Polymorphisms Felids Canids Ursids Mephitids Sciurids Other Rodents Cetaceans Other Species Color Variants Examples of Rare Color Variants Evolutionary Consequences Unresolved Issues Synopsis 8.
Warning Coloration and Other Antipredator Strategies Advertising Defenses Aposematism Carnivores Rodents Other Species Venom with No Signal Putative Cases of Aposematism Mimicry Flash Coloration Pursuit Deterrence Artiodactyls Other Species Deflection Thanatosis Unresolved Issues Synopsis 9. Social Communication Typical Colors Species Recognition Individual Quality Individual Recognition The Signal and the Message Natal Coats in Primates Sclerae Unresolved Issues Synopsis 10. Sexual Signaling Historical Background Ornamentation in Mammals Where Is Sexual Dichromatism Found in Mammals? Ornamentation in Nonprimate Mammals Ornamentation in Male Primates Brown Lemurs Vervet Monkeys Mandrills Drills Geladas Snub-Nosed Monkeys Rhesus Macaques Pig-Tailed Macaques Summary of Ornamentation in Male Primates Ornamentation in Female Primates Graded-Signal Hypothesis Differentiating Between Cycles Reliable-Indicator Hypothesis Coloration Facial Coloration Other Concerns Unresolved Issues Synopsis 11. Homeostasis Background Coloration and Heat Load Coloration Is Too Simplistic Wind Hair Depression Coat Structure Structural Properties of Hair Shafts Molt Coat Patterning Skin Color Skin Thickness Behavioral Adjustments Bogert''s Rule Gloger''s Rule The Rule in Mammals Why Is Gloger''s Rule So Perplexing? Glare Coloration and Abrasion Dark Coloration Maintained Because Alternatives Have Adverse Pleiotropic Effects Unresolved Issues Synopsis 12. Artificial Selection Domestication Origins of Coloration in Domestic Mammals Horses Pigs Sheep Cattle Dogs Cats Gene Homologies in Domestic Mammals Coloration and Pleiotropy Unresolved Issues Synopsis 13. Human Coloration Color Variation The Functions of Human Skin Coloration Distribution of Skin Coloration Globally Other Explanations Hair and Eyes The Genetics of Human Skin Coloration MC1R and ASIP HERC2 and OCA2 TYR , TYRP1 , and DCT SLC24A5 SLC45A2 and IRF4 Other Genes Hair and Eyes Genetics Social Meaning Colorism Sexual Selection Pervasive Consequences of Colorism Unresolved Issues Synopsis 14. Protective Coloration in Military Defense The Conventional Framework Terminology Background Matching Uniforms Equipment Countershading Dazzle Deception Disguise Masquerade Batesian Mimicry Lures Decoys Reconciling Military and Animal Defenses Unresolved Issues Synopsis 15. Human Color Change Types of Color Change Physiological Changes Cyclical Changes in Women Health and Attraction Blushing Behavioral Changes Fabric Flags as a Mark of Group Identity Clothing as a Mark of Group Identity Effects of Women''s Clothing Color on Men Effects of Men''s Clothing Color on Women Cosmetics Facial Contrast Lipstick Other Practices Coloration in Competitive Sports Effect on the Wearer Effect on the Viewer Effect on the Referee Unresolved Issues Synopsis 16.
Thirteen Evolutionary Questions 1. What Is the Origin of Drab Coloration in Mammals? 2. What Is the Functional Significance of Patterning in a Model System? 3. Are Rodents Countershaded? 4. Why Are Primates So Colorful? 5. How Can We Explain Ontogenetic Color Change? 6. What Is the Extent of Disruptive Coloration in Mammals? 7. Do Mammals Use Color Patches for Social Communication? 8.
How Does Phenotypic Convergence Arise? 9. Are Humans Obeying Gloger''s Rule for Different Reasons? 10. What Are the Exceptions to Gloger''s Rule? 11. Do People Actually Look More Attractive in Red? 12. Why Does the Military Eschew Biology? 13. Are Domesticated Mammals Still Subject to Natural Selection? Caveat Book Synopsis References Species Index Subject Index.