Preface xv 1 Acid Gas Injection from Startup to Stability-- A Recap of 3 Years of Operation and Troubleshooting 1 Loni van der Lee, Jordan Watson, Laura Creanga and James van der Lee 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Startup: Ideal vs. Actual 4 1.3 Pump Diaphragm Failures 6 1.4 Corrosion 7 1.5 Acid Gas Sampling 9 1.6 Acid Gas Simulation 9 1.

7 Acid Gas Compression Modeling 11 1.8 Summary 16 2 Acid Gas Disposal--A View from the Trenches 19 Kristopher Kruse 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Plant Process 21 2.3 Acid Gas Compressor 23 2.4 Injection Wells 25 2.5 Operational Learnings 26 2.5.

1 Cooler Plugging 27 2.5.2 Wellhead Sealing 28 2.5.3 Wellhead Valve Stem Weeping 28 2.5.4 Elastomer Leak at Packer 29 2.5.

5 Startup Issues 30 2.5.6 Amine Foaming 32 2.6 Key Design Considerations 32 2.6.1 Importance of Team 33 2.7 Summary 34 3 Pipestone Acid Gas Injection System 35 Rinat Yarmukhametov, James R. Maddocks, Tim Oldham and Dan Simons 3.

1 Acid Gas System Description 36 3.2 Acid Gas Pipelines 37 3.2.1 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Pipelines 37 3.2.2 Acid Gas Pipeline Risk Mitigation Steps 37 3.2.3 Emergency Planning Zones (EPZ) 38 3.

2.4 Acid Gas Pipeline De-Inventory and Filling Procedures 38 3.3 Pipeline Leak Detection 38 3.3.1 Operational and Emergency De-Inventory of Acid Gas Pipelines 40 3.4 Acid Gas Injection Pump Design 43 3.5 Relief System Design 44 3.5.

1 Thermal Relief in Acid Gas Applications 44 3.5.2 Process Piping Criteria/Considerations for Determining Thermal Relief Needs 44 3.5.3 Thermal Relief Mitigation Strategies in Valves 45 3.5.4 External Body Cavity Thermal Relief System 46 3.5.

5 Additional Thermal Relief Mitigation Strategies 48 3.6 Relief Valve Selection for AGI Pump Discharge Piping Protection 48 3.7 AGI Pumps and Injection Well Control 49 3.8 Process Hazard Analysis and SIL-Rated System Considerations 51 3.9 Conclusion 53 Acknowledgment 53 4 Acid Gas Injection Case Study for the Iraqi Region of Kurdistan 55 Mariana Alvis and Federico Games 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Methodology 57 4.2.

1 Container Selection 57 4.2.2 Containment 59 4.2.3 Injectivity 61 4.2.4 Well and System Flow Modeling 62 4.2.

5 Injector Well(s) 63 4.2.6 Surface Facilities Strategy 64 4.3 Results 65 4.4 Acknowledgments 69 4.5 Nomenclature 70 References 70 5 The Success Story of Acid Gas Injection (AGI) in WCSB: The Past, The Present, The Future 73 Mohammad Tavallali, Robyn Swanson, Norbert Alwast, Vadim Milovanov and Ashley Anderson 5.1 Introduction 74 5.2 Geology 76 5.

2.1 Keg River Formation 76 5.2.2 Pardonet/Baldonnel Formation 79 5.2.3 Belloy Formation 79 5.2.4 Halfway Formation 80 5.

2.5 Nisku Formation 80 5.2.6 Leduc Formation 81 5.3 Wellbore Design Consideration 81 5.3.1 Wellbore Damage Mechanisms Encountered During AGI 81 5.3.

2 AGI Wellbore Damage Prevention and Control 82 5.3.3 Well Construction and Monitoring Considerations 83 5.4 Screening, Ranking, and Storage Potential Estimation 83 5.5 AGI Outlook 88 5.6 Application Evolution 88 5.6.1 Alberta 89 5.

6.2 Saskatchewan 89 5.6.3 British Columbia 90 5.6.4 AGI Comparison Between Canada and USA 90 5.6.5 CCUS Comparison Between Canada and USA 91 5.

7 Conclusions 91 References 93 6 Hydrates of Carbon Dioxide--A Review of Experimental Data 97 Bogdan Ambrozek and Eugene Grynia 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Reviewed Literature 98 6.3 Experimental Techniques 107 6.4 Description of the Research Work 109 6.5 Experimental Data Comparison and Analysis 168 6.6 Conclusions 179 References 184 7 Comparison of Models to Data for Phase Equilibria and Properties of CO 2 + Contaminant Systems 189 Wayne D. Monnery 7.

1 Introduction 189 7.2 Previous Review Work 190 7.3 Property and Vapor-Liquid Equilibria Comparison Results 192 7.3.1 Density 192 7.3.2 Specific Heat Capacity 194 7.3.

3 Viscosity 195 7.3.4 Thermal Conductivity 197 7.3.5 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria 198 7.4 Property and VLE Prediction Conclusions 199 7.5 Implication to Process Design 201 7.5.

1 Liquid Chemical Absorption Process 201 7.5.2 Compression and Pumping 202 7.5.3 Heat Exchange 202 7.5.4 Pipelines 202 7.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 203 References 203 8 Numerical Investigation and Prediction of Critical Points of CO 2 Binary Mixtures Using GERG- 2008 205 Eduardo Luna-Ortiz 8.

1 Introduction 205 8.2 GERG and Critical Loci 206 8.3 Key Results, Observations, and Discussion 207 8.4 Summary 210 References 211 9 Alkanolamines--What is Next? 213 Jörn Rolker and Joe Lally 9.1 Introduction 213 9.2 New Amine Components for Acid Gas Treating 215 9.3 Operating Experience 221 9.4 Conclusion 231 References 231 10 Anhydrous Triethanolamine as a Solvent for Gases 233 A.

E. Mather, F.-Y. Jou and K.A.G. Schmidt 10.1 Introduction 233 10.

2 Results and Discussion 234 10.3 Conclusions 237 Acknowledgment 237 References 237 11 CCUS via CO 2 Compression with Reciprocating Compressors 241 Patrick Campbell 11.1 Introduction 241 11.2 What is a Reciprocating Compressor? 242 11.3 Material Selection 243 11.4 Gas Properties 244 11.5 Equipment Selection 247 11.6 Conclusion 248 12 Process and Design Aspects of Diaphragm Pumps 249 Rüdiger Bullert Nomenclature 250 12.

1 Characteristics of Diaphragm Pumps 250 12.2 Co 2 and Acid Gas Injection with Diaphragm Pumps 252 12.3 Blow-Down a Critical Process Step 255 12.4 Conclusions 258 References 259 13 Well Construction and Monitoring Considerations for AGI and CCS Wells 261 Ryan Bartko, Ben Banack and Henry Bland 13.1 Methods and Process 261 13.1.1 Pressure Measurement in Dissipation Zones 262 13.1.

2 Considerations for 2D/3D/VSP Source and Sensor Design 264 13.1.3 Induced Seismicity Monitoring 265 13.1.4 Sensor Considerations and Magnitude Quantification 266 13.2 Conclusion 269 Acknowledgment 270 14 Downhole Pressure and Temperature Observations at a CO 2 Injector Under Differing Injection Conditions 271 Stephen Talman, Alireza Rangriz Shokri, Nathan Deisman and Rick Chalaturnyk 14.1 Introduction 271 14.2 Observations 272 14.

3 Summary 276 References 276 15 Case Study for the Application of CCUS to a Waste-to-Energy Italian Plant 279 Stefania Moioli, Giorgia De Guido, Laura A. Pellegrini, Elisabetta Fasola, Davide Alberti and Adriano Carrara 15.1 Introduction 280 15.2 Co 2 Capture 281 15.2.1 Methodology for Process Design 281 15.2.2 Selection of the Pilot Plant Characteristics 283 15.

3 Co 2 Utilization 286 15.4 Utilities Consumption and Economic Evaluation 287 15.4.1 Estimate of Utilities Consumptions 287 15.4.2 Preliminary Economic Analysis 289 15.5 Conclusions 289 References 290 16 Key Results of Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project 293 Yoshihiro Sawada, Jiro Tanaka, Daiji Tanase, Takashi Sasaki and Chiyoko Suzuki 16.1 Introduction 293 16.

1.1 Current Efforts of the Japanese Government for CCS 294 16.1.2 Key Results of Tomakomai CCS Demonstration Project 296 16.2 Overview of the Tomakomai Project 297 16.3 Key Results of Tomakomai Project 298 16.3.1 Co 2 Capture 298 16.

3.2 Co 2 Injection and Monitoring 300 16.4 Public Outreach 306 16.5 Experience of Major Earthquake 308 16.6 Research, Development, and Demonstration of CO 2 Ship Transportation 311 16.6.1 R&D to Establish Technology for Ship Transportation of Liquefied CO 2 at a Scale of 1 Million Tonnes per Year 312 16.6.

2 Demonstration of CO 2 Ship Transportation by a Ship with 999 Gross Tonnage 313 16.7 Conclusion 315 Acknowledgment 315 References 315 17 Some Results of ERTF Carbon Capture Pilot Plant 317 Ahmed Aboudheir, Neil Rathva, Lin Li and Walid ElMoudir 17.1 Introduction 318 17.2 ERTF Pilot Plant Process Description and Configuration 319 17.3 Offline and Online Analysis Methods and Measurements 320 17.4 Test Campaigns 321 17.5 Model Validation Against Pilot Plant Data and Results (Run #107 Capacity Target) 323 17.6 Model Validation Against Pilot Plant Data and Results (Run #108 Energy Target) 327 17.

7 Model Validation Against Pilot Plant Data and Results (Run #109 Energy Target) 331 17.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 334 Acknowledgment 335 18 Evaluation of CO 2 Storage Potential in the Deep Mannville Coals of Alberta: Vertical Well Injection Testing 337 Yun Yang, Christopher R. Clarkson and Michael S. Blinderman 18.1 Introduction 338 18.2 Methodology 339 18.2.1 Field Planning 339 18.

2.2 Numerical Simulation 340 18.3 Results and Discussion 342 18.3.1 Pre-Pilot Investigation 342