Preface xix Acknowledgments xxii 21 Heat Transfer 1 21.1 Introduction 1 21.1.1 Types of Heat Transfer Equipment Terminology 2 21.2 Details of Exchange Equipment 19 Assembly and Arrangement 19 Construction Codes 19 Thermal Rating Standards 19 Details of Stationary Heads 19 Exchanger Shell Types 20 21.3 Factors Affecting Shell Selection 24 21.3.1 Details of Rear End Heads 25 21.

4 Common Combinations of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 26 AES 26 BEM 26 AEP 27 CFU 28 AKT 28 AJW 28 Tubes 29 21.5 Bending of Tubing 56 Baffles 56 Tube Side Baffles (TEMA uses Pass Partition Plates) 56 21.6 Shell-Side Baffles and Tube Supports 57 Tie Rods 67 Tubesheets 67 Tube Joints in Tubesheets 69 Seal Strips 72 Example 21.1 Determine Outside Heat Transfer Area of Heat Exchanger Bundle 73 Tubesheets Layouts 73 21.7 Tube Counts in Shells 73 Applications of Tube Pitch Arrangements 93 21.8 Exchanger Surface Area 93 Number of Tubes 93 Exact Distance Between Faces of Tubesheets 94 Net Effective Tube Length 94 Exact Baffle Spacing 94 Impingement Baffle Location 94 Effective Tube Surface 94 Effective Tube Length for U-Tube Heat Exchangers 107 21.9 Tube Vibration 107 21.9.

1 Vibration Mechanisms 109 21.9.2 Treatment of Vibration Problems 110 21.9.3 Corrective Measures 110 Example 21.2 Use of U-Tube Area Chart 111 Nozzle Connections to Shell and Heads 112 21.10 Types of Heat Exchange Operations 112 21.10.

1 Thermal Design 112 21.10.2 Temperature Difference: Two Fluid Transfer 116 Example 21.3 One Shell Pass, Two Tubes Passes Parallel-Counterflow Exchanger Cross, After Murty 117 21.10.3 Mean Temperature Difference or Log Mean Temperature Difference 120 21.10.4 Log Mean Temperature Difference Correction Factor, F 123 21.

10.5 Correction for Multipass Flow Through Heat Exchangers 133 Example 21.4 Performance Examination for Exit Temperature of Fluids 134 Example 21.5 Calculation of Weighted MTD 136 Example 21.6 Calculation of LMTD and Correction 137 Example 21.7 Calculate the LMTD 140 Solution 140 Temperature for Fluid Properties Evaluation-Caloric Temperature 142 Tube Wall Temperature 142 Example 21.8 Heating of Glycerin in a Multipass Heat Exchanger 145 Solution 145 21.11 The Effectiveness--NTU Method 148 Example 21.

9 Heating Water in a Counter Current Flow Heat Exchanger 148 Solution 152 Example 21.10 LMTD and ε-NTU Methods 154 Solution 154 Example 21.11 156 Solution 156 21.12 Pressure Drop, Δp 158 21.12.1 Frictional Pressure Drop 164 21.12.2 Factors Affecting Pressure Drop (Δp) 168 Tube-Side Pressure Drop, Δpf 169 Shell-Side Pressure Drop Δpf 170 Shell Nozzle Pressure Drop (Δp noz) 172 Total Shell-Side Pressure Drop, Δp total 172 21.

13 Heat Balance 173 Heat Load or Duty 173 Example 21.12 Heat Duty of a Condenser with Liquid Subcooling 174 21.14 Transfer Area 174 Over Surface and Over Design 174 21.15 Fouling of Tube Surface 175 21.15.1 Crude Oil Fouling In Pre-Heat Train Exchangers 199 Crude Type 199 Crude Blending 199 Crude Oil Fouling Models 202 Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers'' Association (TEMA) and Model Approach for Fouling Resistance, Rf of Crude Oil Pre-Heat Trains 208 Fouling Mitigation and Monitoring 209 HIS smartPM Software 213 Effect of Fouling on Exchanger Heat Transfer Performance 216 Example 21.13 216 Solution 216 Example 21.14 217 Solution 217 Prevention and Control of Liquid-Side Fouling 218 Prevention and Control of Gas-Side Fouling 219 UnSim Design HEX Network Digital Twin Model 219 Selecting Tube Pass Arrangement 220 Super Clean System Technology 221 21.

16 Exchanger Design 223 21.16.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for Plain or Bare Tubes 224 Example 21.15 Calculation of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient from Individual Components 235 Approximate Values for Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 235 Simplified Equations 247 Film Coefficients With Fluids Outside Tubes Forced Convection 253 Viscosity Correction Factor (μ/μw)0.14 Heat Transfer Coefficient for Water, hi 257 Shell-Side Equivalent Tube Diameter 258 Shell-Side Velocities 265 Design and Rating of Heat Exchangers 265 Rating of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger 266 Design of a Heat Exchanger 270 Design Procedure for Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Exchanger Design 272 Design Programs for a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger 273 Example 21.16 Convection Heat Transfer Exchanger Design 274 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Design Procedure (S.I. units) 286 Tubes 288 Tube Side Pass Partition Plate 288 Calculations of Tube Side Heat Transfer Coefficient 288 Example 21.

17 Design of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (S.I. units) Kern''s Model 291 Solution 292 Modified Design 298 Shell-Side Pressure Drop, Δps 298 Pressure Drop for Plain Tube Exchangers 300 Tube Size 300 Tube-Side Condensation Pressure Drop 304 Shell-Side 305 Unbaffled Shells 305 Segmental Baffles in Shell 306 Alternate: Segmental Baffles Pressure Drop 307 A Case Study Using UniSim® Shell-Tube Exchanger (STE) Modeler 310 Solution 311 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers: Single Phase 329 Effect of Manufacturing Clearances on the Shell-Side Flow 329 Bell-Delaware Method 331 Ideal Shell-Side Film Heat Transfer Coefficient 332 Shell-Side Film Heat Transfer Coefficient Correction Factors 333 Baffle Cut and Spacing, Jc 333 Baffle leakage Effects, JL 335 Bundle and Partition Bypass Effects, Jb 337 Variations in Baffle Spacing, Js 338 Temperature Gradient for Laminar Flow Regime, Jr 338 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U 338 Shell-Side Pressure (Δp) 339 Tube Pattern 341 Accuracy of Correlations Between Kern''s Method and the Bell-Delaware''s Method 341 Specification Process Data Sheet, Design, and Construction of Heat Exchangers 341 Rapid Design Algorithms for Shell and Tube and Compact Heat Exchangers: Polley et al. [173] 344 Fluids in the Annulus of Tube-in-Pipe or Double Pipe Heat Exchanger, Forced Convection 347 Finned Tube Exchangers 348 Low Finned Tubes, 16 and 19 Fins/In. 348 Finned Surface Heat Transfer 348 Economics of Finned Tubes 353 Tubing Dimensions 353 Design for Heat Transfer Coefficients by Forced Convection Using Radial Low-Fin Tubes in Heat Exchanger Bundles 355 Pressure Drop in Exchanger Shells Using Bundles of Low Fin Tubes 357 Tube-Side Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop 358 Design Procedure for Shell-Side Condensers and Shell-Side Condensation With Gas Cooling of Condensables, Fluid-Fluid Convection Heat Exchange 358 Vertical Condensation on Low Fin Tubes 358 Nucleate Boiling Outside Horizontal or Vertical Tubes 358 Design Procedure for Boiling, Using Experimental Data 360 Double Pipe Finned Tube Heat Exchangers 362 Finned Side-Heat Transfer 364 Tube Wall Resistance 370 Tube-Side Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop 370 Fouling Factor 371 Finned Side Pressure Drop 371 Design Equations for The Rating of A Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 372 Inner Pipe 374 Annulus 375 Vapor Service 376 Shell-Side Bare Tube 376 Shell-Side (Finned Tube) 377 Tube Side Pressure Drop, Δpt 378 Annulus 378 Calculation of the Pressure Drop 379 Effect of Pressure Drop (Δp) on the Original Design 380 Nomenclature 381 Example 21.19 382 Solution 383 Heat Balance 383 Pressure Drop Calculations 389 Tube-Side Δp 390 Shell-Side Δp 390 Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers 393 Design Charts for Plate and Frame Heat Exchangers 397 Selection 400 Advantages 400 Disadvantages 400 Example 21.20 401 Solution 401 Pressure Drop Calculations 408 Cooling Water Side Pressure Drop 410 Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 412 Induced Draft 412 Forced Draft 413 General Application 422 Advantages-Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 422 Disadvantages 423 Bid Evaluation 424 Design Consideration (Continuous Service) 428 Mean Temperature Difference 433 Design Procedure for Approximation 435 Tube Side Fluid Temperature Control 440 Rating Method for Air Cooler Exchangers 441 The Equations 441 The Air Side Pressure Drop, Δpa (in. H 2 O) 447 Example 21.

26 448 Solution 448 Operations of Air Cooled Heat Exchangers 448 Monitoring of Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 450 Boiling and Vaporization 450 Boiling 450 Vaporization 455 Vaporization During Flow 455 Vaporization in Horizontal Shell; Natural Circulation 470 Pool and Nucleate Boiling--General Correlation for Heat Flux and Critical Temperature Difference 472 Example 21.27 474 Solution 475 Reboiler Heat Balance 480 Example 21.28 Reboiler Heat Duty after Kern 480 Solution 481 Kettle Horizontal Reboilers 482 Maximum Bundle Hea.