Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii About the Authors xxv 8 Heat Transfer 505 INTRODUCTION 505 8.1 TYPES OF HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT TERMINOLOGY 506 8.2 DETAILS OF EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT 507 Assembly and Arrangement 507 CONSTRUCTION CODES 508 THERMAL RATING STANDARDS 513 DETAILS OF STATIONARY HEADS 513 EXCHANGER SHELL TYPES 524 8.3 FACTORS AFFECTION SHELL SELECTION 528 8.4 COMMON COMBINATIONS OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGERS 528 AES 528 BEM 530 AEP 540 CFU 541 AKT 543 AJW 546 8.5 THERMAL DESIGN 547 8.5.1 Temperature Difference: Two Fluid Transfer 581 8.

5.2 Mean Temperature Difference or Log Mean Temperature Difference 583 8.5.3 Log Mean Temperature Difference Correction Factor, F 593 8.5.4 Correction for Multipass Flow through Heat Exchangers 596 Example 8.1. Calculation of LMTD and Correction 603 Example 8.

2. Calculate the LMTD 608 Solution 608 Example 8.3. Heating of Glycerin in a Multipass Heat Exchanger 610 Solution 610 8.6 THE EFFECTIVENESS - NTU METHOD 612 Example 8.4. Heating Water in a Counter-Current Flow Heat Exchanger 616 Solution 616 Example 8.5.

LMTD and ε-NTU Methods 618 Solution 618 Example 8.6 620 Solution 620 8.7 PRESSURE DROP, Δp 621 8.7.1 Frictional Pressure Drop 626 8.7.2 Factors Affecting Pressure Drop (Δp) 630 TUBE-SIDE PRESSURE DROP, Δpf 631 SHELL-SIDE PRESSURE DROP Δpf 632 SHELL NOZZLE PRESSURE DROP (Δpnoz) 633 TOTAL SHELL-SIDE PRESSURE DROP, Δptotal 634 8.8 HEAT BALANCE 635 HEAT LOAD OR DUTY 636 8.

9 TRANSFER AREA 636 OVER SURFACE AND OVER DESIGN 636 8.10 FOULING OF TUBE SURFACE 636 8.10.1 Prevention and Control of Gas-Side Fouling 643 8.11 EXCHANGER DESIGN 643 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients for Plain or Bare Tubes 643 Example 8.7. Calculation of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient from Individual Components 646 8.12 APPROXIMATE VALUES FOR OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS 647 SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS 662 8.

12.1 Film Coefficients with Fluids Outside Tubes Forced Convection 668 VISCOSITY CORRECTION FACTOR (μ/μW)0.14 670 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT FOR WATER, hi 670 SHELL-SIDE EQUIVALENT TUBE DIAMETER 672 SHELL-SIDE VELOCITIES 680 8.13 DESIGN AND RATING OF HEAT EXCHANGERS 681 RATING OF A SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER 681 8.13.1 Design of a Heat Exchanger 685 8.13.2 Design Procedure for Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Exchanger Design 686 8.

13.3 Design Programs for a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger 689 Example 8.8. Convention Heat Transfer Exchanger Design 691 8.14 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN PROCEDURE (SI UNITS) 702 TUBES 703 TUBE-SIDE PASS PARTITION PLATE 704 8.14.1 Calculations of Tube-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient 704 Example 8.9.

Design of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (SI Units) Kern''s Method 707 Solution 707 8.14.2 Pressure Drop for Plain Tube Exchangers 716 TOTAL TUBE-SIDE PRESSURE DROP 718 TUBE-SIDE CONDENSATION PRESSURE DROP 718 SHELL SIDE 718 A CASE STUDY USING UNISIM SHELL-TUBE EXCHANGER (STE) MODELER 718 Solution 719 8.15 BELL-DELAWARE METHOD 734 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT, U 736 SHELL-SIDE PRESSURE (Δp) 736 TUBE PATTERN 739 Accuracy of Correlations Between Kern''s Method and the Bell-Delaware Method 740 Specification Process Data Sheet, Design and Construction of Heat Exchangers 741 8.16 RAPID DESIGN ALGORITHMS FOR SHELL AND TUBE AND COMPACT HEAT EXCHANGERS: POLLEY et al . 742 8.17 FLUIDS IN THE ANNULUS OF TUBE-IN-PIPE OR DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER, FORCED CONVECTION 744 FINNED TUBE EXCHANGERS 745 ECONOMICS OF FINNED TUBES 745 LOW-FINNED TUBES, 16 AND 19 FINS/IN. 750 FINNED SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER 751 8.

17.1 Pressure Drop Across Finned Tubes 751 DESIGN FOR HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS BY FORCED CONVECTION USING RADIAL LOW-FIN TUBES IN HEAT EXCHANGER BUNDLES 751 8.17.2 Pressure Drop in Exchanger Shells Using Bundles of Low-Fin Tubes 753 TUBE-SIDE HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP 755 8.17.3 Double Pipe Finned Tube Heat Exchangers 755 FINNED SIDE HEAT TRANSFER 757 TUBE WALL RESISTANCE 763 TUBE-SIDE HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP 763 FOULING FACTOR 763 FINNED SIDE PRESSURE DROP 764 8.17.4 Design Equations for the Rating of a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger 765 Process Conditions Required 765 Inner Pipe 766 Annulus 767 Vapor Service 768 SHELL-SIDE BARE TUBE 768 SHELL SIDE (FINNED TUBE) 769 Annulus 771 8.

17.5 CALCULATION OF THE PRESSURE DROP 771 EFFECT OF PRESSURE DROP (Δp) ON THE ORIGINAL DESIGN 772 NOMENCLATURE 773 Example 8.9 774 Solution 775 HEAT BALANCE 775 PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS 781 Tube Side 781 Tube-Side Δp 781 Shell-Side Δp 782 8.18 PLATE AND FRAME HEAT EXCHANGERS 784 Selection 788 8.19 AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS 788 8.19.1 Induced Draft 790 8.19.

2 Forced Draft 791 GENERAL APPLICATION 796 Advantages - Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 798 Disadvantages 799 Mean Temperature Difference 801 8.19.3 Design Procedure for Approximation 801 8.19.4 Tube-Side Fluid Temperature Control 809 8.19.5 Rating Method for Air-Cooler Exchangers 811 THE AIR SIDE PRESSURE DROP, Δpa (INCH H2O) 816 Example 8.10 817 Solution 817 8.

19.6 Operations of Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 818 8.19.7 Monitoring of Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers 819 8.20 SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGERS 819 8.21 SPIRAL COILS IN VESSELS 821 8.22 HEAT-LOSS TRACING FOR PROCESS PIPING 821 Example 8.11 826 Solution 826 IN SI UNITS 827 8.

23 BOILING AND VAPORIZATION 833 8.23.1 Boiling 833 8.23.2 Vaporization 837 8.23.3 Vaporization During Flow 837 8.24 HEATING MEDIA 837 Heat Fux Limit 840 8.

25 BATCH HEATING AND COOLING OF FLUIDS 840 BATCH HEATING: INTERNAL COIL: ISOTHERMAL HEATING MEDIUM 840 Example 8.12. Batch Heating: Internal Coil Isothermal Heating Medium 842 Solution 842 BATCH REACTOR HEATING AND COOLING TEMPERATURE PREDICTION 842 Example 8.13: Batch Reactor Heating and Cooling Temperature Prediction 843 Solution 843 BATCH COOLING: INTERNAL COIL ISOTHERMAL COOLING MEDIUM 844 Example 8.14 Batch Cooling: Internal Coil, Isothermal Cooling Medium 845 Solution 845 BATCH HEATING: NON-ISOTHERMAL HEATING MEDIUM 846 Example 8.15: Batch Heating with Non-Isothermal Heating Medium 847 Solution 848 BATCH COOLING: NON-ISOTHERMAL COOLING MEDIUM 849 Example 8.16: Batch Cooling Non-Isothermal Cooling Medium 849 Solution 849 BATCH HEATING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER, ISOTHERMAL HEATING MEDIUM 850 Example 8.17: Batch Heating: External Heat Exchanger Isothermal Heating Medium 853 Solution 853 BATCH COOLING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER, ISOTHERMAL COOLING MEDIUM 854 Example 8.

18: Batch Cooling: External Heat Exchanger, Isothermal Cooling Medium 854 Solution 855 BATCH COOLING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER (COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW), NON-ISOTHERMAL COOLING MEDIUM 856 Example 8.19: Batch Cooling: External Heat Exchanger (Counter-Current Flow), Non-Isothermal Cooling Medium 856 Solution 856 BATCH HEATING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER AND NON-ISOTHERMAL HEATING MEDIUM 857 Example 8.20: Batch Heating: External Heat Exchanger and Non-Isothermal Heating Medium 858 Solution 858 BATCH HEATING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER (1-2 MULTIPASS HEAT EXCHANGERS), NON-ISOTHERMAL HEATING MEDIUM 859 Example 8.21: External Heat Exchanger (1-2 Multipass Heat Exchangers), Non-Isothermal Heating Medium 861 Solution 861 BATCH COOLING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER (1-2 MULTIPASS), NON-ISOTHERMAL COOLING MEDIUM 863 Example 8.22: External Heat Exchanger (1-2 Multipass), Non-Isothermal Cooling Medium 863 Solution 864 BATCH HEATING AND COOLING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER (2-4 MULTIPASS HEAT EXCHANGERS NON-ISOTHERMAL HEATING MEDIUM) 865 BATCH HEATING AND COOLING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER (2-4 MULTIPASS HEAT EXCHANGERS NON-ISOTHERMAL COOLING MEDIUM) 866 Example 8.23: External Heat Exchanger (2-4 Multipass Exchanger), Non-Isothermal Heating Medium 866 Example 8.24: External Heat Exchanger (2-4 Multipass Heat Exchangers), Non-Isothermal Cooling Medium 867 HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN WITH COMPUTERS 868 FUNCTIONALITY 869 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 870 UNISIM HEAT EXCHANGER MODEL FORMULATIONS 870 A CASE STUDY: KETTLE REBOILER SIMULATION USING UNISIM STE 871 NOZZLE DATA 875 PROCESS DATA 877 REFERENCES 894 APPENDIX A 898 HEAT TRANSFER 898 9 Process Integration and Heat Exchanger Network 947 INTRODUCTION 947 APPLICATION OF PROCESS INTEGRATION 953 PINCH TECHNOLOGY 953 HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK DESIGN 954 Energy and Capital Targeting and Optimization 957 OPTIMIZATION VARIABLES 957 OPTIMIZATION OF THE USE OF UTILITIES (UTILITY PLACEMENT) 959 HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK REVAMP 960 HEAT RECOVERY PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION 960 THE TEMPERATURE-ENTHALPY DIAGRAM (T-H) 961 ENERGY TARGETS 963 Construction of Composite Curves 963 HEAT RECOVERY FO.