8 Introduction 12 The Middle Ages 14 GLOSSARY 16 The Beginnings 18 Plainchant 20 Hildegard of Bingen 22 Profile: Emma Kirkby 24 Polyphony 26 Guillaume de Machaut 28 Troubadours and Trouvères 30 The Renaissance 32 GLOSSARY 34 The Renaissance 36 Mass Settings 38 Words & Music, Motets & Madrigals 40 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 42 Profile: The Tallis Scholars 44 Historically informed Performance 46 Baroque 48 GLOSSARY 50 The Early Baroque 52 Monteverdi 54 Vivaldi & the Sonata 56 Profile: Nigel Kennedy 58 Handel 60 The Oratorio 62 Bach 64 Classical 66 GLOSSARY 68 Mozart 70 Patronage 72 Haydn 74 Chamber Music 76 The Symphony 78 Beethoven 80 The Piano 82 Profile: Clara Schumann 84 The Nineteenth Century 86 GLOSSARY 90 Lieder & Song Cycles 92 Profile: Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau 94 Mendelssohn 96 Salon Culture (inc. Chopin) 98 Berlioz 100 Programme music 102 Liszt 104 Virtuosity 104 Wagner 106 The Orchestra 108 The Late Nineteenth & Early Twentieth Centuries 110 GLOSSARY 112 Nationalism 114 The Conductor 116 Profile: Leonard Bernstein 118 The Mighty Handful 120 The Concert Hall 122 Brahms 124 The Score 126 Impressionism 128 The Renaissance of English Music 130 Serialism 132 The Twentieth & Twenty-First Centuries 134 GLOSSARY 136 Recording 138 Stravinsky 140 Copland 142 Germaine Tailleferre 144 Messiaen 146 Minimalism 148 Profile: Yo-Yo Ma 150 Electronic music 152 Film Music 154 Notes on Contributors 156 Resources 158 Index 160 Acknowledgements.