FOREWORD ixPREFACE xi1 INTRODUCTION 12 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES 52.1 Photovoltaics 62.2 Solar thermal electric systems 72.3 Solar water heaters 82.4 Solar dryers 82.5 Solar stills 92.6 Solar cookers 92.7 Improved cookstoves 92.

8 Biomass and biogas energy technologies 102.9 Wind pumps 122.10 Wind generators 122.11 Micro hydro power 122.12 Stand-alone systems versus Mini-grids 142.13 Conclusions 143 COSTS AND ECONOMICS 153.1 Overview of equipment costs 153.2 Economic assessments 163.

3 Economics and real life 193.4 Summary of economic energy and supply options 214 DISSEMINATION ISSUES 224.1 Institutional and non-technical issues 224.2 Technical issues 264.3 Conclusions 295 ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS 305.1 International institutions 305.2 National institutions 375.3 The private sector 425.

4 Conclusions 476 FINANCING MECHANISMS 486.1 Lending schemes 486.2 Making RETs affordable 546.3 Revolving funds 576.4 Conclusions 597 SOURCE OF FUNDS 607.1 The financial sector in developing countries 607.2 Bank funds 627.3 Client savings 667.

4 Managed funds 677.5 Grants and soft loans 677.6 Conclusions 688 IMPLEMENTING A REVOLVING FUND 738.1 Modelling a revolving fund 738.2 Conclusions 839 PARAMETERS FOR SETTING UP A FINANCING SCHEME 849.1 Determining the appropriate scheme 849.2 Implementation and infrastructure development 879.3 Training 929.

4 Monitoring and evaluation 929.5 Effect of market enablement actions 939.6 Issues for subsidised credit 949.7 Conclusions 9510 PROJECT CHECKLIST 9711 CASE STUDIES 101Kenya 101Sri Lanka 105Democratic Republic of Congo 109Indonesia 112Dominican Republic 115APPENDIX 1: LIFE-CYCLE COSTING 117APPENDIX 2: FINANCING MODEL 123GLOSSARY 127BIBLIOGRAPHY.