About the Editors xix List of Contributors xxiii Preface xxix 1 Energy Justice and Equity for the Sustainable Development of Modern Energy Grids 1 Mohammadreza Daneshvar and Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Energy Justice and Equity for Sustainable Development 2 1.2.1 Economic Rights 3 1.2.2 Environmental Rights 4 1.2.

3 Social Rights 5 1.3 Energy-Poverty Nexus in Energy Justice and Equity 5 1.4 Summary 8 References 8 2 Importance of Energy Justice and Equity in Grid Modernization 11 Reza Gharibi, Behrooz Vahidi, and Rahman Dashti 2.1 Introduction 11 2.1.1 Motivation 11 2.1.2 Background 12 2.

1.3 Contributions 14 2.1.4 Chapter Organization 15 2.2 Grid Modernization 15 2.2.1 Smart Grid 16 2.2.

2 Renewable Energy Integration 18 2.2.3 Energy Storage System 20 2.2.4 Data Analytics 21 2.3 Energy Justice 22 2.3.1 Distributive Justice 23 2.

3.2 Recognition Justice 25 2.3.3 Procedural Justice 26 2.4 Just Transition: From Environmental to Energy Justice 28 2.4.1 Just Transition and Environmental Movements 29 2.4.

2 History of the Energy Justice Movement 31 2.5 Challenges of Transition to Energy Justice 33 2.6 Modernizing Energy: A Catalyst for Energy Justice 36 2.6.1 Democratizing Access to Energy Resources 37 2.6.2 Addressing Energy Poverty 37 2.6.

3 Improvement of Environmental Justice 37 2.6.4 Engagement and Increased Community Empowerment 38 2.7 Impact of Energy Justice on Grid Modernization Aspects 39 2.7.1 Hardware Upgrades 39 2.7.2 Security Enhancements 40 2.

7.3 Redundancy and High Availability 40 2.7.4 Performance Optimization 40 2.7.5 Monitoring and Management 41 2.8 Energy Justice and the Adoption of Innovative Technologies 41 2.9 Conclusion 43 Abbreviations 44 References 44 3 Decision-Making Tools for Advancing Clean Energy Justice and Equity with Supply Chain and Project Management 51 Monica Bhatia and Pradyumn Chaturvedi Acronyms 51 3.

1 Introduction 51 3.1.1 Motivation 52 3.1.2 Background 54 3.1.3 Research Gap 55 3.1.

4 Contributions 56 3.1.5 Objectives 57 3.2 Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 57 3.3 Types of Decision Tools 59 3.4 Data Collection and Assessment of Different Countries 64 3.5 Energy Equity and Justice of Each Renewable Energy Source in India 68 3.6 Role of Supply Chain Management in the Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 77 3.

7 Role of Project Management in the Renewable Energy Equity and Justice 80 3.8 Impact of Management Program on the Clean Energy Equity and Justice 82 3.9 SWOT Analysis 84 3.10 Renewable Energy Equity and Justice Matrix 86 3.11 Conclusion 87 Acknowledgment 88 References 88 4 Multi-energy Community Structure for Energy Justice and Equity 91 Peyman Afzali, Sahar Mobasheri, Banafsheh Alipour, Sogand Hosseinalipour, Masoud Rashidinejad, and Sobhan Dorahaki Nomenclature 91 4.1 Introduction 93 4.1.1 Motivation and Background 94 4.

1.2 Challenges and Opportunities 98 4.1.2.1 Challenges 98 4.1.2.2 Opportunities 98 4.

1.3 Contributions 99 4.2 Energy Communities 100 4.2.1 Definition 101 4.2.2 Implementation 102 4.2.

3 Socio-Techno-Economic-Environmental Aspects 103 4.2.4 Behavior and Preference of End Users 104 4.3 Multi-energy Communities 105 4.3.1 Components of a Multi-career System 108 4.3.2 Structure of the Multi-energy Community 108 4.

4 Energy Justice and Equity in Multi-energy Communities 109 4.4.1 Definition of Energy Justice and Equity 111 4.4.2 Energy Poverty 113 4.4.3 Energy Democracy 115 4.5 Clean Energy Initiatives in Multi-energy Communities 116 4.

5.1 Resources of Clean Energy 116 4.5.2 The Integration of Renewable Energies in Energy Communities 117 4.5.3 Carbon-Free Multi-energy Communities 118 4.6 Problem Formulation 120 4.7 Numerical Results 126 4.

8 Conclusion 133 References 134 5 Equity-Oriented Energy Allocation in Mixed and Underprivileged Communities 141 Akhtar Hussain and Petr Musilek Nomenclature 141 5.1 Introduction 142 5.2 Equitable Energy Sharing 145 5.2.1 Shared Community Energy Resources 145 5.3 Community Resource Allocation 147 5.3.1 Resource Allocation Methods 148 5.

3.2 Equity in Resource Allocation 149 5.3.3 Mixed Communities 150 5.4 Power Sharing: Mixed Communities 153 5.4.1 Benefits of Power Sharing 153 5.4.

2 Equity Analysis 154 5.5 Advantages and Limitations 156 5.5.1 Major Factors for Fairness Analysis 156 5.5.2 Features of Different Cases 156 5.6 Conclusions 157 References 157 6 Energy Justice and Equity in Developing a Fair Multi-energy Community and Environment 161 Aamer Raza, Sheraz Azam Mirza, Saqib Ali, and Muzaffar Ali Acronyms 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.

2 Axis of Energy Justice and Equity in a Multi-energy Environment 164 6.2.1 Distributional Justice 164 6.2.2 Procedural Justice 172 6.2.3 Recognition Justice 174 6.3 Principles of Energy Justice 176 6.

4 Factors of Fairness and Equity in Developing a Multi-Energy Community 177 6.4.1 Climate Change 177 6.4.2 Structural Racism 178 6.4.3 Energy Prices 178 6.4.

4 Planning and Policy Failure 178 6.4.5 Political Acumen 178 6.5 Use of Artificial Intelligence in Energy Justice 178 6.6 Conclusion and Future Research 180 References 181 7 Energy Community Operation and Planning for Energy Justice and Equity 187 Homayoun Ghasemnejad, Sogand Hosseinalipour, Masoud Rashidinejad, and Sobhan Dorahaki Nomenclature 187 7.1 Introduction 189 7.2 Energy Communities: Definition, Challenges, and Opportunities 190 7.2.

1 Localized 191 7.2.2 Scale 191 7.2.3 Purpose 192 7.2.4 Participants 192 7.2.

5 Social 192 7.2.6 Technology 193 7.2.7 Comprehensive Definition 193 7.3 Promoting Sustainability Through Energy Communities 194 7.3.1 Economic Aspect 195 7.

3.2 Environmental Aspect 195 7.3.3 Social Aspect 196 7.4 Development of Energy Sustainability with the Energy Community 196 7.5 Challenges of Energy Sustainability Within Energy Communities 196 7.5.1 Regulatory Challenges 197 7.

5.2 Technical Challenges 197 7.5.3 Financial Challenges 197 7.5.4 Social Challenges 197 7.6 Energy Justice: Definition and Implementation 197 7.7 The Role of Energy Communities in Advancing Energy Justice 199 7.

8 Examination of Energy Justice Within Energy Community 200 7.8.1 Energy Justice Within Energy Community 200 7.8.2 Energy Justice Between Energy Communities and External Institutions 200 7.8.3 Energy Justice Beyond Energy Community 200 7.9 Challenges to Green and Equitable Energy Society 201 7.

10 Proposed Framework for CEC Planning and Operation 202 7.11 Numerical Study 207 7.12 Conclusion 211 References 211 8 Energy Storage Systems for Energy Justice and Equity 217 Emre Çakir, Furkan Hanilçi, and Yigit Çagatay Kuyu 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Background 219 8.3 Energy Storage System 229 8.3.1 Electromagnetic Energy Storage 230 8.

3.2 Types of Electromagnetic Energy Storage 237 8.3.2.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) 237 8.3.2.2 Capacitive Energy Storage (CES) 238 8.

3.2.3 Inductive Energy Storage (IES) 238 8.3.3 A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Electromagnetic Energy Storage Systems 239 8.3.3.1 Applications and Case Studies of Electromagnetic Energy Storage Systems 243 8.

3.4 Chemical Energy Storage Systems 248 8.3.4.1 Sodium Sulfur 248 8.3.4.2 Lead Acid 249 8.

3.4.3 Flow Batteries 250 8.3.4.4 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) 253 8.3.4.

5 Fuel Cell 259 8.3.5 Mechanical Energy Storage Systems (MESSs) 262 8.3.5.1 Types of Mechanical Energy Storage Systems 265 8.3.5.

2 A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Energy Storage Systems 278 8.3.5.3 Applications and Case Studies of Mechanical Energy Storage Systems (MESSs) 280 8.3.6 Limitations 282 8.4 Utilization of Data Science Methods 284 8.4.

1 Big Data Platforms 285 8.4.1.1 Cloud-Based Big Data Platforms 285 8.4.1.2 Scaling 286 8.4.

2 Most Used Big Data Analytics Algorithms 288 8.4.2.1 K-Means Clustering 289 8.4.2.2 Hierarchical Clustering 289 8.4.

2.3 Support Vector Machine 290 8.4.2.4 Decision Trees 291 8.4.2.5 K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Algorithm 291 8.

5 Energy Storage and Data Analysis Applications in Energy Justice and Equality 292 8.6 Conclusion 296 References 297 9 Energy Trading Mechanisms for Energy Justice and Equity 307 Iman Rahmati and Asghar Akbari Foroud Acronyms 307 9.1 Introduction 307 9.2 Energy Market and Justice 308 9.2.1 Energy as a Tradable Commodity 308 9.2.2 Energy Justice Versus Affordability and Access to Energy 309 9.

2.3 How Tradability Contributes to Energy Justice? 312 9.2.4 How Tradability Threatens Energy Justice? 314 9.3 Markets for Energy Carriers 314 9.3.