Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Background and History Early Scientific Developments Military Uses of Nuclear Fission U.S. Use of Atomic Weapons Against Imperials Japan Early Efforts to Control Nuclear Weapons Expanding the Nuclear Club and Weapon Arsenals Renewed Efforts at Control Under Eisenhower Development of Delivery Systems: Bombers, Missiles, and Submarines Efforts to Halt Atmospheric Nuclear Testing The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Limited Test Ban Treaty New Nuclear Powers and the Evolution of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty The Early 1970s: Détente and the Beginnings of the U.S.-Soviet Nuclear Arms Control Efforts to Halt Horizontal Proliferation to New Countries The Late 1970s and 1980s: From Arms-Racing to Negotiated Reductions New Threats to the Nonproliferation Regime: Iraq and North Korea Successes in International Nonproliferation Efforts in the Early to Mid-1990s New Threats to the Nonproliferation Regime: The Late 1990s to March 2003 Post-Iraqi Invasion Nonproliferation Efforts Conclusion References Chapter 2: Problems, Controversies, and Solutions Nuclear Weapons and Their Role During the Cold War What Is the Role of Nuclear Weapons Today? Are Nuclear Weapons Safe? How Many Nuclear Weapons are "Enough"? How Serious Is the Threat of Nuclear Terrorism? Environmental and Health Effects of Nuclear Weapon Production Why Haven''t Nuclear Weapons Spread to More Countries? The Debate on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Civilian Nuclear Energy Promotion Versus Nonproliferation Goals Efforts to Eliminate Nuclear Weapons Final Considerations References Chapter 3: Special U.S. Issues The Status of the U.S.

Nuclear Weapons Complex U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy Treaties and Verification U.S. Missile Defenses and Efforts to Defend against Nuclear Attacks Intelligence and Nuclear Nonproliferation and Counterproliferation U.S. Policy toward New Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones U.S.

Public Opinion and Nuclear Weapons Conclusion: U.S. Politics and Nonproliferation References Chapter 4: Chronology Chapter 5: Biographical Sketches Bethe, Hans Bhabha, Homi Jehangir Blix, Hans Bohr, Niels Caldicott, Helen Broinowski ElBaradei, Mohamed Fuchs, Klaus Groves, General Leslie Heisenberg, Werner Khan, Abdul Qadeer Kurchatov, Igor Lawrence, Ernest Nie Rongzhen, Marshal Oppenheimer, J. Robert Pauling, Linus Rotblat, Joseph Sakharov, Andrei Strauss, Lewis L. Szilard, Leo Teller, Edward Vanunu, Mordechai Chapter 6: Facts, Data, and Documents Facts Nuclear Materials and Technologies Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapons: An Introductory Guide Worldwide Nuclear Weapon Stockpiles Nuclear Testing Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones Documents Letter from Albert Einstein to President Roosevelt The U.S. Military Order to Drop the Atomic Bomb on Japan Official U.S.

Report on the Atomic Bomb''s Effects in Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Founding Document of the Nonproliferation Regime: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty The U.S.-Russian Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (Moscow Treaty, 2001) United Nations Resolution 1540 (2004) UN Sanctions on North Korea for Nuclear Test (2006) Chapter 7: Directory of Organizations International Organizations U.S. Government Agencies Nongovernmental Organizations Chapter 8: Print and Nonprint Resources Print Resources Books Nuclear Weapons Issues: United States Nuclear Weapons Programs: Worldwide Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Nonproliferation: General Topics Periodicals Nonprint Resources CD-ROM DVDs and Videos Websites Glossary Index About the Authors.