Preface Figures Introduction 1 Rethinking the Paulicians 2 One Heresy or Two? Paulicians in Armenia and Asia Minor 3 What Is the Paulician Heresy? Traditional Approaches 1 Polemics, Punishment, and Forgery: Paulicians in Greek Sources 54 1 Peter of Sicily's History of the Paulicians 2 The History and the Persecutions of Theodora 3 The Brief History of the Manichaeans 4 The Letter of Theophylaktos Lekapenos to Peter of Bulgaria 5 The Treatise against the Paulicians 2 Reinventing Paulicians in the 10th Century 99 1 Byzantine Understandings of Paulicians c. 810-940 2 Reinventing the Paulicians in Macedonian History Writing 3 Reinventing through Forgery i: The History of the Paulicians 4 Reinventing through Forgery ii: The Brief History 5 Forgery, Authority, and Authenticity in the 10th Century 3 The Didaskalie , the Letters of Sergios , and Paulician Belief c .800-835 1 40 1 The Didaskalie 2 Schism and the Legitimacy of the Didaskalos 3 Dualism and "the Grace of the Spirit" 4 Paulician Customs, Worship, and Organisation 5 Paulician Hamartocentricism and Apocalyptic 6 Historical Implications 4 Paulicians in the 8th Century: The Genesis of a Heresy c .750-800 187 1 Paulicians and the Iconomachy 2 The Armenian Connection 3 The Byzantine-Islamic Frontier in the Long 8th Century 4 Paulicians and Pastoralism 5 Labelling the Paulicians of Asia Minor 5 Paulicians in the Face of Persecution c. 800-845 232 1 Nikephoros i and the Paulicians 2 The Persecutions of Michael i and Leo v 3 The Paulician Response: Early Resistance and the Revolt of Thomas the Slav 4 Paulicians in the Reign of Theophilos 5 The Persecutions of Theodora 6 Paulicians at Arms: The Islamic Alliance and Warfare against the Byzantines c .845-880 2 78 1 The Battle of Mauropotamos and the Paulician-Islamic Alliance 2 Paulician Settlement and Raiding under Karbeas 3 An Emperor in the East?: Basil, Chrysocheir, and the Road to War 4 The Last Raids of Chrysocheir and the Eclipse of Tephrike Epilogue Appendix 1 The Dating Frameworks of the History of the Paulicians Appendix 2 The Career of Sergios in the History of the Paulicians Bibliography Index.