Preface 1 Principles of Animal Behavior Types of Questions and Levels of Analysis What Is Behavior? Three Foundations Natural Selection Individual Learning Cultural Transmission Conceptual, Theoretical, and Empirical Approaches Conceptual Approaches Theoretical Approaches Empirical Approaches An Overview of What Is to Follow Interview with Dr. E. O. Wilson 2 The Evolution of Behavior Artificial Selection Natural Selection Selective Advantage of a Trait How Natural Selection Operates Sociobiology, Selfish Genes, and Adaptation CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Conservation Biology and Symmetry as an Indicator of Risk Antipredator Behavior in Guppies Kinship and Naked Mole Rat Behavior COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Tool Use in New Caledonian Crows Phylogeny and the Study of Animal Behavior Phylogenetic Trees Phylogeny and Parental Care Phylogeny and Courtship Behavior Interview with Dr. Alan Grafen 3 Hormones and Neurobiology Ultimate and Proximate Perspectives Proximate Causation: Hormones CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Community-Based Ecotourism: Using Hormones to Measure Effects on Animal Well-Being How the Endocrine System Integrates Sensory Input and Output The Long-Term Effects of In Utero Exposure to Hormones Vasopressin and Sociality in Voles Hormones and Honeybee Foraging Hormones and Vocalizations in Plainfin Midshipman Fish Neurobiological Underpinnings of Behavior The Nervous Impulse Mushroom Bodies and Honeybee Foraging COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Brain Size and Problem Solving Neurobiology and Vocalizations in Plainfin Midshipman Fish Sleep and Predation in Mallard Ducks Interview with Dr. Geoffrey Hill 4 Molecular Genetics and Development Molecular Genetics and Animal Behavior Mendel''s Laws Locating Genes for Polygenic Traits Genes, mRNA, and Honeybee Foraging Song Acquisition in Birds COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Genomic Approaches avpr1a, Vasopressin, and Sociality in Voles Genetic Toolkits, Transcription Factors, and Territoriality Development and Animal Behavior Development, Temperature, and Ovipositing Behavior in Wasps CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Development, Dispersal, and Climate Change Family Structure, Development, and Behavior in Prairie Voles Early Nest Development and Behavior in Cichlid Fish Early Development and Its Effect on Parental Behavior in the Oldfield Mouse Interview with Dr. Gene Robinson 5 Learning What Is Individual Learning? How Animals Learn Learning from a Single-Stimulus Experience Pavlovian (Classical) Conditioning Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning Why Animals Learn Within-Species Studies and the Evolution of Learning COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Natural Selection and Associative Learning Population Comparisons and the Evolution of Learning A Model of the Evolution of Learning What Animals Learn Learning about Predators CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Learning, Alarm Chemicals, and Reintroduction Programs Learning about Their Mate Learning about Familial Relationships Learning about Aggression Molecular Genetics and Endocrinology of Learning Molecular Genetics of Learning in Rats Endocrinology of Learning in Rats Interview with Dr. Sara Shettleworth 6 Cultural Transmission What Is Cultural Transmission? What''s So Important about Cultural Transmission? Effects of Others on Behavior Social Learning CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Crop Raiding, Elephants, and Social Learning The Rise and Fall of a Tradition Teaching in Animals COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Parents Teaching Embryos? Modes of Cultural Transmission Vertical Cultural Transmission Oblique Cultural Transmission Horizontal Cultural Transmission The Interaction of Genetic and Cultural Transmission The Grants'' Finches Guppy Mate Choice Cultural Transmission and Brain Size Interview with Dr.

Cecilia Heyes 7 Sexual Selection COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Aggression, Observation, and Gene Expression in the Brain of Females Intersexual and Intrasexual Selection Evolutionary Models of Mate Choice CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Genetic Diversity, Genetic Quality, and Conservation Biology Direct Benefits and Mate Choice Good Genes and Mate Choice Runaway Sexual Selection Sensory Bias and the Emergence of Mate Choice Learning and Mate Choice Sexual Imprinting Learning and Mate Choice in Japanese Quail Cultural Transmission and Mate Choice Mate-Choice Copying Song Learning and Mate Choice in Cowbirds Male-Male Competition and Sexual Selection Red Deer Roars and Male-Male Competition Male-Male Competition by Interference Male-Male Competition by Cuckoldry Interview with Dr. Anne Houde 8 Mating Systems Different Mating Systems Monogamous Mating Systems Polygamous Mating Systems COGNITIVE CONNECTION: The Social Brain Hypothesis Promiscuous Mating Systems The Ecology and Evolution of Polygynous Mating Systems Polygyny and Resources The Polygyny Threshold Model CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Anthropogenic Effects on Animal Mating Systems Extrapair Copulations Sperm Competition Sperm Cooperation Multiple Mating Systems in a Single Population? Interview with Dr. Catherine Marler 9 Kinship Kinship and Animal Behavior Kinship Theory Relatedness and Inclusive Fitness Family Dynamics CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Nonbreeding Groups and Inclusive Fitness Benefits in Gorillas Conflict within Families Parent-Offspring Conflict Sibling Rivalry Kin Recognition Matching Models COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Social Learning, Kinship, and Antipredator Behavior Interview with Dr. Francis Ratnieks 10 Cooperation Defining Cooperation Paths to Cooperation Path 1: Reciprocity COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Empathy Path 2: Byproduct Mutualism Path 3: Group Selection Coalitions CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Cooperation, the Tragedy of the Commons, and Overharvesting Coalitions in Baboons Alliances and "Herding" Behavior in Cetaceans A Phylogenetic Approach to Cooperation Phylogeny and Cooperative Breeding in Birds Phylogeny and Cooperation in Shrimp Phylogeny and Cooperation in Social Spiders Interspecific Mutualisms Ants and Butterflies--Mutualism with Communication? Coral and Coral Reef Fish Interview with Dr. Hudson Kern Reeve 11 Foraging Finding Food and the Search Image Optimal Foraging Theory What to Eat Where to Eat Risk-Sensitive Foraging Growing Food Foraging and Group Life Group Size Groups, Public Information, and Foraging Natural Selection, Phylogeny, and Seed Caching Hippocampal Size and Caching Ability A Phylogenetic Approach to Studying Caching Ability Learning and Foraging COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Proximate Factors in Foraging-Related Learning Foraging, Learning, and Brain Size in Birds CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Behavioral Traditions, Foraging, and Conservation in Killer Whales Foraging Innovation and Diversification in Emberizoidea Social Learning and Foraging Interview with Dr. John Krebs 12 Antipredator Behavior Avoiding Predators Blending into the Environment Being Quiet Choosing Safe Habitats CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Co-evolution, Naive Prey, and Introduction Programs What Prey Do When They Encounter Predators Fleeing COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Heritability of Conditioned Fear Responses Approaching Predators Feigning Death Signaling to Predators Fighting Back Predation and Foraging Trade-offs Interview with Dr. Anne Magurran 13 Communication Communication and Honesty Communication Solves Problems Problem: How to Coordinate Group Foraging Problem: How to Find and Secure a Mate CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Anthropogenic Change and Animal Communication Problem: Predators COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Can Elephants Distinguish Between Humans Based on Voice? Interview with Dr. Rufus Johnstone 14 Habitat Selection, Territoriality, and Migration Habitat Choice The Ideal Free Distribution Model and Habitat Choice Avoidance of Disease-Filled Habitats Stress Hormones, Spatial Memory, and Habitat Choice in Rats Territoriality Territoriality and Learning COGNITIVE CONNECTION: Nest Complexity and Cerebellar Foliation Conflict within Family Territories Migration Multiple Migratory Routes Migration and Navigation CONSERVATION CONNECTION: Migration Patterns, "Stopovers," and Conservation Biology Migration, Temperature, and Basal Metabolic Rate Migration and Defense against Parasites.