Introduction 1 Method 4 Selected Readings 6 Chapter One. Conceptualizing the Atlantic World 9 The Atlantic and Its Continental Boundaries 13 Atlantic People in 1450 17 European 19 Africans 22 Americans 24 Geographic Constraints and Cultural Divergence 30 Selected Readings 37 Chapter Two. The Roots of an Atlantic System, 110-1492 41 Europeans and Sugar in the Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic 44 Into the Atlantic 49 Sub-Saharan States and Empires 54 Portugal''s "Guinea of Cape Verde" 58 Lower Guinea and the Kongo 64 The North Atlantic 66 An Age of Territorial Expansion: The Empires of the Western Atlantic 68 Selected Readings 75 Chapter Three. Iberians in America, 1492-1550 77 The Spanish in the Caribbean 81 The Portuguese in Brazil 88 Spanish Mainland Expeditions 92 Spanish Expansion into South America 101 Establishing Spanish Rule 104 Spain''s Advancing Frontiers 109 Selected Readings 112 Chapter Four. European Rivalries and Atlantic Repercussions, 1500-1650 115 A Fractured Unity 117 Taking Quarrels out of Europe 129 The Western Atlantic Entrepreneurs, Pirates, and Trading Posts 131 North Atlantic Settlements 138 Undermining Spain: Africa and Commerce 142 The Rise of the Dutch 143 Selected Readings 147 Chapter Five. Labor, Migration, and Settlement: Europeans and Indians, 1500-1800 149 Indian Labor Systems 150 European Laborers and Migrants 161 Settlements 168 Plantations 173 Family Settlement and Religious Migrations 178 Selected Readings 183 Chapter Six. The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Slavery in the Americas, 1580-1780 185 Appetites for Sugar--and Labor 187 Captives and Trade Goods in Africa 191 The Middle Passage 197 Slavery in the Americas 202 Maroon Settlements and Slave Revolts 208 Selected Readings 213 Chapter Seven. Trade in the Atlantic World, 1580-1780 217 Urban and Regional Transformations 218 The Cultures of Consumption 228 Transformations in Africa in the Wake of the Slave Trade 240 Selected Readings 251 Chapter Eight.

Racial and Cultural Mixture in the Atlantic World, 1450-1830 255 The Atlantic''s New People 256 Africa''s Coastal Cosmopolitans 258 Cultural Transformations in the Western Atlantic 263 European and Africa Ethnicities in the Western Atlantic 266 Indigenous Responses and Cultural Innovations 271 Free People of Color 278 Selected Readings 288 Chapter Nine. The Atlantic Shrinks: War, Reform, and Resistance, 1689-1790 291 Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Warfare and Its Consequences 293 Total War 296 The Regional Impact of Warfare 298 War, Peace, and Geographic Ignorance 303 An Age of Imperial Reform 305 Resistance and Rebellion 315 Selected Readings 320 Chapter Ten. The First Imperial Rupture, 1754-1783 323 The Nine Years'' War 325 The Reshaping of the Americas 331 British Imperial Reform and Anglo-American Political Culture 334 The War Widens 341 Declaring Independence and Building Republics 343 Loyalists: Red, White, and Black 348 More Atlantic Repercussions 353 Selected Readings 357 Chapter Eleven. Revolutions and Counterrevolutions: The Season of Irony, 1789-1804 361 What is That in Your Hand? 362 Where Does It Bloom 365 The Tricolor in Black and White 365 The Reign of Terror 371 Washington''s Dilemma 372 The Thermidorian Reaction 375 The Haitian Détente 377 The Revolutions of 1800 and 1804? 385 Selected Readings 389 Chapter Twelve. The Ebb and Flow of Empire, 1804-1830 391 Independence: Northern South America 395 Independence: The Southern Cone 399 Independence: New Spain 405 Independence: Brazil 410 British Triangulation and Neoimperialism 414 Atlantic Africa 416 The Monroe Doctrine 419 The Panama Congress 422 Selected Readings 425 Chapter Thirteen. Industrialism and a New Imperialism, 1780-1850 427 Mercantile Capitalism Transformed 427 The Market Revolution and the American South 430 Thomas Jefferson: Unwitting Industrial Promoter 434 An Army of Redressers 439 Migration in an Industrial Age 441 Economic Neo-Colonialism 447 Atlantic Africa: New Exports, Cheap Imports, Heightened Dependence 452 Selected Readings 458 Chapter Fourteen. Abolishing Slavery in the Western Atlantic, 1750-1888 461 Abolition: The Early Years 462 Abolition by Law 468 Stopping the Slave Trade 473 The End of Slavery in Europe and the Americas 476 Abolition and Africa 482 Labor in the Post-Emancipation Period 485 Reconfiguring the Global Process 491 Selected Readings 493 Index 494.