Part I Aero Engines and Gas Turbines Chapter 1 History and Classifications of Aero Engines¿ .¿ . 3 1.1 Prejet Engines¿History 4 1.1.1 Early Activities in Egypt and China 4 1.1.2 Leonardo da Vinci .
¿ .¿ .¿ .5 1.1.3 Branca¿s Stamping Mill .¿ . 5 1.
1.4 Newton¿s SteamWagon .¿ . 6 1.1.5 Barber¿s Gas Turbine .¿ . 6 1.
1.6 Miscellaneous Aero-Vehicles¿Activities in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries .¿ .¿ . 7 1.1.7 TheWright Brothers .¿ .
¿ . 8 1.1.8 Significant Events up to 1940s .¿ . 10 1.1.8.
1 Aero-Vehicle Activities .¿ . 10 1.1.8.2 Reciprocating Engines .¿ . 12 1.
2 Jet Engines .¿ .¿ . 13 1.2.1 Jet Engine Inventors: Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir FrankWhittle .¿ .
13 1.2.1.1 Sir Frank Whittle (1907¿1996) .¿ . 13 1.2.1.
2 Dr. Hans von Ohain (1911¿1998) .¿ . 14 1.2.2 Turbojet Engines.¿ .¿ .
15 1.2.3 Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines . 18 1.2.4 Turbofan Engines .¿ .¿ .
21 1.2.5 Propfan Engine 23 1.2.6 Pulsejet, Ramjet, and Scramjet Engines .¿ .¿ . 24 1.
2.6.1 Pulsejet Engine .¿ .¿ . 24 1.2.6.
2 Ramjet and Scramjet Engines .¿ .¿ . 25 1.2.7 Industrial Gas Turbine Engines .¿ .27 1.
3 Classifications of Aerospace Engines .¿ .¿ . 28 1.4 Classification of Jet Engines.¿ .¿ . 29 1.
4.1 Ramjet.¿ .¿ .29 1.4.2 Pulsejet .¿ .
¿ .¿ . 30 1.4.3 Scramjet .¿ .¿ . 31 1.
4.4 Turboramjet .¿ .¿ . 31 1.4.5 Turborocket .¿ .
¿ . 32 1.5 Classification of Gas Turbine Engines .¿ .¿ . 32 1.5.1 Turbojet Engines.
¿ .¿ . 33 1.5.2 Turboprop .¿ . 34 1.5.
3 Turboshaft.¿ . 35 1.5.4 Turbofan Engines .¿ .¿ .37 1.
5.5 Propfan Engines .¿ .¿ . 41 1.5.6 Advanced Ducted Fan .¿ .
42 1.6 Industrial Gas Turbines . 43 1.7 Non¿Air-Breathing Engines .¿ .¿ . 44 1.8 Future of Aircraft and Power Plant Industries .
¿ .¿ . 44 Closure .¿ .¿ . 52 Problems .¿ . 52 References 54 Chapter 2 Performance Parameters of Jet Engines .
¿ .¿ .¿ . 57 2.1 Introduction .¿ . 57 2.2 Thrust Force .
¿ . 57 2.3 Factors Affecting Thrust 67 2.3.1 Jet Nozzle .¿ . 67 2.3.
2 Air Speed .¿ .¿ . 68 2.3.3 Mass Air Flow . 68 2.3.
4 Altitude .¿ .¿ .¿ . 68 2.3.5 Ram Effect .¿ .
69 2.4 Engine Performance Parameters .¿ . 70 2.4.1 Propulsive Efficiency .¿ . 70 2.
4.2 Thermal Efficiency .¿ .¿ . 75 2.4.3 Propeller Efficiency.¿ .
¿ . 76 2.4.4 Overall Efficiency .¿ .¿ .¿ . 77 2.
4.5 Takeoff Thrust . 80 2.4.6 Specific Fuel Consumption .¿ .¿ .¿ .
81 2.4.7 Aircraft Range . 82 2.4.8 Range Factor .¿ . 85 2.
4.9 Endurance Factor .¿ .¿ .85 2.4.10 Specific Impulse .¿ .
¿ . 87 Problems .¿ . 91 References 94 Chapter 3 Pulsejet and Ramjet Engines . ¿.¿ .¿ . 97 3.
1 Introduction .¿ . 97 3.2 Pulsejet Engines.¿ .¿ .¿ . 97 3.
2.1 Introduction .¿ .¿ . 97 3.2.2 Valved Pulsejet 98 3.2.
3 Valveless Pulsejet.¿ .¿ .102 3.2.4 Pulse Detonation Engine .¿ . 103 3.
3 Ramjet Engines .¿ .¿ .¿ . 106 3.3.1 Ideal Ramjet .¿ .
107 3.3.2 Real Cycle .¿ .110 3.4 Case Study.¿ .129 3.
5 Summary and Governing Equations for ShockWaves and Isentropic Flow .¿ .¿ . 141 3.5.1 Summary .¿ .¿ .
141 3.5.2 Normal ShockWave Relations .¿ .141 9196: ¿chap00¿ ¿ 2007/11/27 ¿ 18:19 ¿ page ix ¿ #9 3.5.3 Oblique ShockWave Relations .¿ .
142 3.5.4 Rayleigh-Flow Equations .¿ .¿ . 142 3.5.5 Isentropic Relation .
¿ .¿ . 142 Problems .¿ . 143 References 145 Chapter 4 Turbojet Engine . 147 4.1 Introduction .¿ .
147 4.2 Single Spool . ¿. 149 4.2.1 Examples of Engines .¿ . 149 4.
2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis .¿ .¿ . 150 4.2.3 Ideal Case .¿ .
150 4.2.4 Actual Case .¿ .¿ . 165 4.2.5 Comparison Between Operative and Inoperative Afterburner .
¿ .¿ . 175 4.3 Two-Spool Engine .¿ . 178 4.3.1 Nonafterburning Engine.
¿ . 179 4.3.1.1 Example of Engines .¿ . 179 4.3.
2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis 180 4.3.3 Afterburning Engine .¿ .¿ . 183 4.3.
3.1 Examples for Two-Spool Afterburning Turbojet Engines .¿ .¿ .183 4.3.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis 184 4.
4 Statistical Analysis .¿ . 188 4.5 Thrust Augmentation .¿ . 189 4.5.1 Water Injection 189 4.
5.2 Afterburning .¿ . 190 4.5.3 Pressure Loss in Afterburning Engine .¿ .¿ .
191 4.6 Supersonic Turbojet .¿ .195 4.7 Optimization of the Turbojet Cycle .¿ .¿ .198 Problems .
¿ . 209 References 213 Chapter 5 Turbofan Engines .¿ .¿ . 215 5.1 Introduction .¿ . 215 5.
2 Forward Fan Unmixed Single-Spool Configuration.¿ .216 5.3 Forward Fan Unmixed Two-Spool Engines . 221 5.3.1 The Fan and Low-Pressure Compressor on One Shaft.¿ .
221 5.3.2 Fan Driven by the LPT and the Compressor Driven by the HPT .¿ . 232 5.3.3 A Geared Fan Driven by the LPT and the Compressor Driven by the HPT.¿ .
233 5.4 Forward Fan Unmixed Three-Spool Engine . 235 5.5 Forward Fan Mixed-Flow Engine .¿ . 242 5.5.1 Mixed-Flow Two-Spool Engine .
¿ .¿ . 242 5.6 Mixed Turbofan with Afterburner .¿ . 255 5.6.1 Introduction .
¿ .¿ . 255 5.6.2 Ideal Cycle .¿ .256 5.6.
3 Real Cycle .¿ .258 5.7 AFT Fan .¿ .¿ . 258 5.8 V/STOL.
¿ .¿ . 261 5.8.1 Swiveling Nozzles .¿ .¿ .¿ .
261 5.8.2 Switch-In Deflector System .¿ .¿ .¿ . 266 5.9 Performance Analysis.
¿ . 273 Summary.¿ . 294 Problems .¿ . 297 References 305 Chapter 6 Turboprop, Turboshaft, and Propfan Engines .¿ . 307 6.
1 Introduction to Turboprop Engines .¿ .¿ .307 6.2 Classification of Turboprop Engines .¿ .¿ .¿ .
310 6.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of Turboprop Engines.¿ .¿ . 312 6.3.1 Single-Spool Turboprop .¿ .
312 6.3.2 Two-Spool Turboprop .¿ .316 6.4 Analogy with Turbofan Engines.¿ .¿ .
319 6.5 Equivalent Engine Power .¿ .¿ . 320 6.5.1 Static Condition320 6.5.
2 Flight Operation .¿ .¿ . 320 6.6 Fuel Consumption .¿ . 320 6.7 Turboprop Installation .
¿ . 321 6.8 Performance Analysis.¿ . 329 6.9 Comparison Between Turbojet, Turbofan, and Turboprop Engines .¿ .¿ .
330 6.10 Turboshaft Engines .¿ .333 6.11 Power Generated by Turboshaft Engines .¿ .¿ . 334 6.
11.1 Single-Spool Turboshaft .¿ . 334 6.11.2 Double-Spool Turboshaft .¿ .¿ .
335 6.12 Examples for Turboshaft Engines .¿ . 336 6.13 Propfan Engines.¿ .¿ .¿ .
337 Summary of Turboprop Relations .¿ .¿ .¿ . 340 Problems .¿ . 340 References 344 Chapter 7 High-Speed Supersonic and Hypersonic Engines .¿ .
¿ .¿ . 345 7.1 Introduction .¿ . 345 7.2 Supersonic Aircraft and Programs .¿ .
¿ . 345 7.2.1 Anglo-French Activities .¿ . 346 7.2.2 Russian Activities .
¿ .¿ .347 7.2.3 The U.S. Activities .¿ .
¿ .¿ . 347 7.3 Future of Commercial Supersonic Technology .¿ .¿ .349 7.4 Technology Challenges of the Future Flight .
350 7.5 High-Speed Supersonic and Hypersonic Propulsion .¿ .¿ . 350 7.5.1 Introduction .¿ .
¿ . 350 7.5.2 Hybrid Cycle Engine .¿ . 351 7.6 Turboramjet Engine .¿ .
352 7.7 Wraparound Turboramjet .¿ .¿ . 352 7.7.1 Operation as a Turbojet Engine .¿ .
352 7.7.2 Operation as a Ramjet Engine .¿ . 355 7.8 Over/Under Turboramjet .¿ .¿ .
356 7.8.1 Turbojet Mode . 358 7.8.2 Dual Mode .¿ .358 7.
8.3 Ramjet Mode .¿ . 358 7.9 Turboramjet Performance .¿ .¿ .358 7.
9.1 Turbojet Mode . 358 7.9.2 Ramjet Mode .¿ . 359 7.9.
3 Dual Mode .¿ .359 7.10 Case Study.¿ .360 7.11 Examples for Turboramjet Engines .¿ .
¿ .365 7.12 Hypersonic Flight .¿ .¿ . 367 7.12.1 History of Hypersonic Vehicles.
¿ .367 7.12.2 Hypersonic Commercial Transport . 369 7.12.3 Military Applications .¿ .
370 7.13 Scramjet Engines.¿ .¿ . 370 7.13.1 Introduction .¿ .
¿ . 370 7.13.2 Thermodynamics .¿ .¿ .372 7.14 Intake of a Scramjet Engine .
¿ .¿ . 372 7.15 Combustion Chamber.¿ . 373 7.16 Nozzle .¿ .
¿ .¿ . 376 7.17 Performance Parameters 376 Problems . ¿. 380 References 383 Chapter 8 Industrial Gas Turbines .¿ .385 8.
1 Introduction .¿ . 385 8.2 Categories of Gas Turbines .¿ .¿ .¿ . 386 8.
3 Types of Industrial Gas Turbines .¿ . 387 8.4 Single-Shaft Engine.¿ .388 8.4.1 Single Compressor and Turbine .
¿ .¿ . 389 8.4.1.1 Ideal Cycle.¿ . 389 8.
4.1.2 Real Cycle .¿ . 392 8.4.2 Regeneration .¿ .
395 8.4.3 Reheat .¿ .¿ .398 8.4.4 Intercooling .
¿ .¿ . 399 8.4.5 Combined Intercooling, Regeneration, and Reheat .¿ . 401 8.5 Double-Shaft Engine.
¿ .¿ . 406 8.5.1 Free Power Turbine .¿ .¿ . 406 8.
5.2 Two Discrete Shafts (Spools) .¿ .¿ . 408 8.6 Three Spool .¿ . 415 8.
7 Combined Gas Turbine . 422 8.8 Marine Applications .¿ .¿ . 423 8.8.1 Additional Components for Marine Applications .
¿ .¿ . 424 8.8.2 Examples for Marine Gas Turbines . 426 8.9 Offshore Gas Turbines .¿ .
427 8.10 Micro Gas Turbines (-Gas Turbines) .¿ .¿ . 428 8.10.1 Microturbines versus Typical Gas Turbines .¿ .
¿ . 429 8.10.2 Design Challenges .¿ .¿ .¿ . 429 8.
10.3 Applications .¿ .¿ . 430 Problems .¿ . 431 References 433 Part II Component Design .¿ .
¿ . 435 Chapter 9 Power Plant Installation and In.