Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Bird Strike: Foreign Object Damage (FOD) 2 1.3 A Brief History of Bird Strike 6 1.4 Brief Statistics of Bird Strike 8 1.5 Classification of Birds Based on Size 10 1.5.1 Small Birds (Less than 2 lb) 10 1.
5.2 Small-Medium Birds (2-4 lb) 11 1.5.3 Medium-Large Birds (4-8 lb) 11 1.5.4 Large Birds (8-12 lb) 11 1.5.5 Massive Birds (12-30 lb) 13 1.
6 Bird Strike Risk 14 1.6.1 Civilian Aircraft 14 1.6.2 Military Aircraft 15 1.6.3 Helicopters 17 1.7 Severity of Bird Strikes 17 1.
8 Field Experience of Aircraft Industry and Airlines Regarding Bird Ingestion into Aero Engines 18 1.8.1 Pratt & Whitney (USA) 18 1.8.2 General Electric Aviation (USA) 18 1.8.3 Southwest Airlines (USA) 19 1.8.
4 MTU (Germany) 19 1.8.5 FL Technics (Vilnius, Lithuania) 19 1.9 Bird Strike Committees 19 References 20 2 Aircraft Damage 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Accidents vs. Incidents 25 2.2.
1 Accident 25 2.2.2 Serious Injury 25 2.2.3 Incident 26 2.3 Consequences of Bird Strike 26 2.4 Impact Force 28 2.5 Locations of Bird Strike Damage for Airliners 30 2.
5.1 Nose and Radar Dome (Radome) 30 2.5.2 Windshield and Flight Cockpit 33 2.5.3 Landing Gear and Landing Gear Systems 37 2.5.4 Fuselage 39 2.
5.5 Wings 40 2.5.6 Empennage 40 2.5.7 Power Plant 41 2.5.8 Propeller 53 2.
5.9 V22 Osprey as a Military Example 53 2.5.10 Other Strikes to Aircraft Instruments 54 2.6 Helicopters 56 2.7 Some Accident Data 59 2.7.1 FixedWing Aircraft 59 2.
7.2 RotaryWing Aircraft (Helicopters) 60 References 63 3 Statistics for Different Aspects of Bird Strikes 67 3.1 Introduction 68 3.2 Statistics for Bird Strike 69 3.3 Classifying Bird Strikes 70 3.3.1 Single or Multiple Large Bird(s) 70 3.3.
2 Relatively Small Numbers of MediumSized Birds (2-10 Birds) 70 3.3.3 Large Flocks of Relatively Small Birds (Greater Than 10 Birds) 70 3.4 Classification of Birds Based on Critical Sites in the Aerodrome 70 3.4.1 Birds Flying or Soaring Over the Aerodrome or Approach Paths (100-4000 ft AGL) 71 3.4.2 Birds Flying, Sailing Low, or Hovering Over Active Runway and Shoulders (2200 ft AGL) 72 3.
4.3 Birds Perching and Walking on Runway/Shoulders 72 3.4.4 Birds Squatting on the Runway to Rest 72 3.4.5 Birds Feeding on Live or Dead Insects or Animals on the Runway 73 3.4.6 Birds Perched on Runway Lights, Floodlight Towers, Electric Poles, and Other Perches 73 3.
5 Bird Impact Resistance Regulation for FixedWing Aircraft 74 3.5.1 Transport Aircraft (Airliners, Civilian, and Military Cargo) 74 3.5.1.1 Airframe 74 3.5.1.
2 Engines 74 3.5.2 General Aviation Aircraft 75 3.5.3 Light NonCommuter Aircraft 75 3.6 Bird Impact Resistance Regulation for Rotorcrafts 75 3.6.1 Large Rotorcraft 75 3.
6.2 Small Rotorcraft 75 3.7 Statistics for FixedWing Civilian Aircraft 75 3.7.1 Critical Parts of Turbofan/Turbojet Aircraft 76 3.7.2 Critical Modules of Turboprop/Piston Aircraft 81 3.7.
3 Bird Strike Versus Altitude 83 3.7.4 Bird Strike by the Phase of Flight 87 3.7.5 Annual Bird Strike Statistics 89 3.7.6 Monthly Bird Strike Statistics 91 3.7.
7 Bird Strike by the Time of Day 93 3.7.8 Bird Strike by Continent 95 3.7.9 Bird Strike by Weight of Birds 95 3.7.10 Bird Strike by Aircraft Category 96 3.7.
11 Bird Strike by Bird Species 98 3.7.12 Populations of Some Dangerous Bird Species in North America 100 3.7.13 Dangerous Bird Species in Europe 102 3.8 Military Aviation 103 3.8.1 Introduction 103 3.
8.2 Annual Bird Strike with Military Aircraft 104 3.8.3 Annual Costs of Bird Strike with Military Aircraft 106 3.8.4 Statistics of Bird Strike by Altitude 107 3.8.5 Bird Strike by Aircraft Type 108 3.
8.6 Bird Strike by Flight Phase 109 3.8.7 Bird Strike by the Distance from the Base 109 3.8.8 Bird Strike by Month 110 3.8.9 Bird Strike by the Time of Day 110 3.
8.10 Bird Strike by Part 110 3.8.11 Critical Bird Species 112 3.9 Bird Strikes on Helicopters (Rotating Wing Aircraft) 112 3.9.1 Bird Strike with Civilian Helicopters 112 3.9.
2 Bird Strike with Military Helicopters 114 3.10 Birds Killed in Strikes with Aircraft 115 References 116 4 Fatal Bird Strike Accidents 119 4.1 Introduction 120 4.2 Civil Aircraft 120 4.2.1 Introduction 120 4.2.2 Statistics of Annual Fatal Accidents Due to Bird Strike 121 4.
2.3 Statistics of Critical Flight Phases 124 4.3 Fatal Accidents of Civil Aircraft 125 4.4 Statistics for Civil Aircraft Accidents 146 4.4.1 Statistics for Critical Damaged Parts of Aircraft 146 4.4.2 Statistics for Strikes with Different Types of Engines 148 4.
4.3 Effects of the Wildlife Strike on the Flight 148 4.4.4 Dangerous Birds 149 4.5 Statistics for Bird Strike Incidents/Accidents in the USA (1990-2015) 150 4.6 Statistics for Russian Accidents (1988-1990) 150 4.7 Military Aircraft 153 4.7.
1 Introduction 153 4.7.2 Statistics for Military Aircraft Accidents 154 4.7.3 Statistics for ExSoviet Union Air Force in East Germany 157 4.7.4 Details of Some Accidents for Military Aircraft 159 4.7.
5 Details of Accidents for Military Aircraft in Norway in 2016 163 4.7.6 Comparison between Bird Strikes with Civilian and Military Aircraft 166 4.8 Helicopters 166 4.8.1 Introduction 166 4.8.2 Statistics for Bird Strikes with Civil and Military Helicopters in the USA 168 4.
8.3 Statistics for Bird Strikes with a Flight Phase 169 4.8.4 Statistics for Bird Strikes with Time of Day 170 4.8.5 Statistics for Parts of Helicopters Struck by Birds (January 2009 Through February 2016) 170 4.8.6 Statistics for Bird Species Striking and Damaging Helicopters 170 4.
8.7 Fatal Accidents 170 4.9 Conclusions 173 References 174 5 Bird Migration 179 5.1 Introduction 179 5.2 Why Do Birds Migrate? 182 5.3 Some Migration Facts 183 5.4 Basic Types of Migration 183 5.4.
1 Classification of Migration Based on the Pattern 184 5.4.2 Classification of Migration Based on the Type of Motion 186 5.4.3 Classification of Migration Based on Distance Traveled 186 5.4.4 Permanent Residents 187 5.5 Flight Speed of Migrating Birds 187 5.
6 Navigation of Migrating Birds 187 5.7 Migration Threats 188 5.8 Migratory Bird Flyways 188 5.8.1 Introduction 188 5.8.2 North American Migration Flyways - The Four Ways 191 5.8.
2.1 The Atlantic Flyway 191 5.8.2.2 The Mississippi Flyway 193 5.8.2.3 The Central Flyway 193 5.
8.2.4 The Pacific Flyway 194 5.8.3 The Americas Bird Migration 194 5.8.3.1 North-South Americas 194 5.
8.3.2 Alaska''s Flyways 194 5.8.4 Africa Eurasia Flyways 194 5.8.5 East Asian-Australian Flyways 199 5.9 Radio Telemetry 200 References 202 6 Bird Strike Management 205 6.
1 Introduction 206 6.2 Why Birds Are Attracted to Airports 206 6.2.1 Food 206 6.2.2 Water 207 6.2.3 Cover 208 6.
3 Misconceptions or Myths 209 6.4 The FAA National Wildlife Strike Database for Civil Aviation 209 6.5 Management for FixedWing Aircraft 214 6.5.1 Reduction of Bird Strike Hazard 214 6.5.2 Awareness 214 6.5.
3 Airfield Bird Control 215 6.5.4 Aircraft Design 215 6.6 Control of Airport and Surroundings 215 6.7 Active Controls 215 6.7.1 Auditory (or Bioacoustic) Methods 216 6.7.
1.1 Pyrotechnics 216 6.7.1.2 Gas Cannons 217 6.7.1.3 Bioacoustics 217 6.
7.2 Visual Techniques 219 6.7.2.1 Lasers 219 6.7.2.2 Falconry 221 6.
7.2.3 Dogs 222 6.7.2.4 Scarecrow 223 6.7.2.
5 Human Scarer 223 6.7.2.6 RadioControlled Craft 224 6.7.2.7 AllTerrain Vehicles (ATV) 224 6.7.
2.8 Pulsating Lights 224 6.7.2.9 Scaring Aircraft 224 6.7.2.10 The Robotic Peregrine, Hawk and Falcon (Robop and Robird) 224 6.
7.2.11 Corpses 227 6.7.3 Lethal Techniques 228 6.7.3.1 Shooting 228 6.
7.3.2 Live Trapping 230 6.7.3.3 Removal of Nests and Young 230 6.7.3.
4 Egg Manipulation 231 6.7.4 Chemical Repellents 233 6.7.4.1 Polybutene 233 6.7.4.
2 Anthraquinone 233 6.7.4.3 Methyl Anthranilate 233 6.7.4.4 Naphthalene 234 6.7.
4.5 Avitrol 234 6.7.5 Exclusion 234 6.7.5.1 Netting 234 6.7.
5.2 Porcupine Wire (Nixalite) 235 6.7.5.3 BirdBGone 235 6.7.5.4 AviAway 235 6.
7.5.5 Fine Wires (LargeArea Applications) 235 6.7.5.6 Bird Balls(tm) 235 6.8 Habitat Modification or Passive Management Techniques 236 6.8.
1 Food Control 236 6.8.2 Water Control 238 6.8.3 Shelter Control 238 6.8.3.1 Managing Reforested Areas 240 6.
8.3.2 Landscaping 240 6.9 Air Traffic Service Providers 240 6.9.1 Controllers and FlightService Specialists 240 6.9.2 Terminal Controllers 242 6.
9.3 Tower and Ground Controllers 244 6.9.4 Flight Service Specialists (FSS) 244 6.9.5 Pilots 244 6.