Part I Aero Engines and Gas Turbines Chapter 1 History and Classifications of Aero Engines . 3 1.1 Prejet Engines--History 4 1.1.1 Early Activities in Egypt and China 4 1.1.2 Leonardo da Vinci .5 1.

1.3 Branca''s Stamping Mill . 5 1.1.4 Newton''s SteamWagon . 6 1.1.5 Barber''s Gas Turbine .

6 1.1.6 Miscellaneous Aero-Vehicles''Activities in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries . 7 1.1.7 TheWright Brothers . 8 1.1.

8 Significant Events up to 1940s . 10 1.1.8.1 Aero-Vehicle Activities . 10 1.1.8.

2 Reciprocating Engines . 12 1.2 Jet Engines . 13 1.2.1 Jet Engine Inventors: Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir FrankWhittle . 13 1.

2.1.1 Sir Frank Whittle (1907-1996) . 13 1.2.1.2 Dr. Hans von Ohain (1911-1998) .

14 1.2.2 Turbojet Engines. 15 1.2.3 Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines . 18 1.2.

4 Turbofan Engines .21 1.2.5 Propfan Engine 23 1.2.6 Pulsejet, Ramjet, and Scramjet Engines . 24 1.2.

6.1 Pulsejet Engine . 24 1.2.6.2 Ramjet and Scramjet Engines . 25 1.2.

7 Industrial Gas Turbine Engines .27 1.3 Classifications of Aerospace Engines . 28 1.4 Classification of Jet Engines. 29 1.4.1 Ramjet.

29 1.4.2 Pulsejet . 30 1.4.3 Scramjet . 31 1.4.

4 Turboramjet . 31 1.4.5 Turborocket . 32 1.5 Classification of Gas Turbine Engines . 32 1.5.

1 Turbojet Engines. 33 1.5.2 Turboprop . 34 1.5.3 Turboshaft. 35 1.

5.4 Turbofan Engines .37 1.5.5 Propfan Engines . 41 1.5.6 Advanced Ducted Fan .

42 1.6 Industrial Gas Turbines . 43 1.7 Non-Air-Breathing Engines . 44 1.8 Future of Aircraft and Power Plant Industries . 44 Closure . 52 Problems .

52 References 54 Chapter 2 Performance Parameters of Jet Engines . 57 2.1 Introduction . 57 2.2 Thrust Force . 57 2.3 Factors Affecting Thrust 67 2.3.

1 Jet Nozzle . 67 2.3.2 Air Speed . 68 2.3.3 Mass Air Flow . 68 2.

3.4 Altitude . 68 2.3.5 Ram Effect .69 2.4 Engine Performance Parameters . 70 2.

4.1 Propulsive Efficiency . 70 2.4.2 Thermal Efficiency . 75 2.4.3 Propeller Efficiency.

76 2.4.4 Overall Efficiency . 77 2.4.5 Takeoff Thrust . 80 2.4.

6 Specific Fuel Consumption . 81 2.4.7 Aircraft Range . 82 2.4.8 Range Factor . 85 2.

4.9 Endurance Factor .85 2.4.10 Specific Impulse . 87 Problems . 91 References 94 Chapter 3 Pulsejet and Ramjet Engines . 97 3.

1 Introduction . 97 3.2 Pulsejet Engines. 97 3.2.1 Introduction . 97 3.2.

2 Valved Pulsejet 98 3.2.3 Valveless Pulsejet.102 3.2.4 Pulse Detonation Engine . 103 3.3 Ramjet Engines .

106 3.3.1 Ideal Ramjet . 107 3.3.2 Real Cycle .110 3.4 Case Study.

129 3.5 Summary and Governing Equations for ShockWaves and Isentropic Flow . 141 3.5.1 Summary . 141 3.5.2 Normal ShockWave Relations .

141 9196: "chap00" -- 2007/11/27 -- 18:19 -- page ix -- #9 3.5.3 Oblique ShockWave Relations .142 3.5.4 Rayleigh-Flow Equations . 142 3.5.

5 Isentropic Relation . 142 Problems . 143 References 145 Chapter 4 Turbojet Engine . 147 4.1 Introduction . 147 4.2 Single Spool . 149 4.

2.1 Examples of Engines . 149 4.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis . 150 4.2.3 Ideal Case .

150 4.2.4 Actual Case . 165 4.2.5 Comparison Between Operative and Inoperative Afterburner . 175 4.3 Two-Spool Engine .

178 4.3.1 Nonafterburning Engine. 179 4.3.1.1 Example of Engines . 179 4.

3.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis 180 4.3.3 Afterburning Engine . 183 4.3.3.

1 Examples for Two-Spool Afterburning Turbojet Engines .183 4.3.2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis 184 4.4 Statistical Analysis . 188 4.5 Thrust Augmentation .

189 4.5.1 Water Injection 189 4.5.2 Afterburning . 190 4.5.3 Pressure Loss in Afterburning Engine .

191 4.6 Supersonic Turbojet .195 4.7 Optimization of the Turbojet Cycle .198 Problems . 209 References 213 Chapter 5 Turbofan Engines . 215 5.1 Introduction .

215 5.2 Forward Fan Unmixed Single-Spool Configuration.216 5.3 Forward Fan Unmixed Two-Spool Engines . 221 5.3.1 The Fan and Low-Pressure Compressor on One Shaft. 221 5.

3.2 Fan Driven by the LPT and the Compressor Driven by the HPT . 232 5.3.3 A Geared Fan Driven by the LPT and the Compressor Driven by the HPT.233 5.4 Forward Fan Unmixed Three-Spool Engine . 235 5.

5 Forward Fan Mixed-Flow Engine . 242 5.5.1 Mixed-Flow Two-Spool Engine . 242 5.6 Mixed Turbofan with Afterburner . 255 5.6.

1 Introduction . 255 5.6.2 Ideal Cycle .256 5.6.3 Real Cycle .258 5.

7 AFT Fan . 258 5.8 V/STOL. 261 5.8.1 Swiveling Nozzles . 261 5.8.

2 Switch-In Deflector System . 266 5.9 Performance Analysis. 273 Summary. 294 Problems . 297 References 305 Chapter 6 Turboprop, Turboshaft, and Propfan Engines . 307 6.1 Introduction to Turboprop Engines .

307 6.2 Classification of Turboprop Engines . 310 6.3 Thermodynamic Analysis of Turboprop Engines. 312 6.3.1 Single-Spool Turboprop . 312 6.

3.2 Two-Spool Turboprop .316 6.4 Analogy with Turbofan Engines. 319 6.5 Equivalent Engine Power . 320 6.5.

1 Static Condition320 6.5.2 Flight Operation . 320 6.6 Fuel Consumption . 320 6.7 Turboprop Installation . 321 6.

8 Performance Analysis. 329 6.9 Comparison Between Turbojet, Turbofan, and Turboprop Engines .330 6.10 Turboshaft Engines .333 6.11 Power Generated by Turboshaft Engines . 334 6.

11.1 Single-Spool Turboshaft . 334 6.11.2 Double-Spool Turboshaft . 335 6.12 Examples for Turboshaft Engines . 336 6.

13 Propfan Engines. 337 Summary of Turboprop Relations . 340 Problems . 340 References 344 Chapter 7 High-Speed Supersonic and Hypersonic Engines . 345 7.1 Introduction . 345 7.2 Supersonic Aircraft and Programs .

345 7.2.1 Anglo-French Activities . 346 7.2.2 Russian Activities .347 7.2.

3 The U.S. Activities . 347 7.3 Future of Commercial Supersonic Technology .349 7.4 Technology Challenges of the Future Flight . 350 7.

5 High-Speed Supersonic and Hypersonic Propulsion . 350 7.5.1 Introduction . 350 7.5.2 Hybrid Cycle Engine . 351 7.

6 Turboramjet Engine .352 7.7 Wraparound Turboramjet . 352 7.7.1 Operation as a Turbojet Engine .352 7.7.

2 Operation as a Ramjet Engine . 355 7.8 Over/Under Turboramjet . 356 7.8.1 Turbojet Mode . 358 7.8.

2 Dual Mode .358 7.8.3 Ramjet Mode . 358 7.9 Turboramjet Performance .358 7.9.

1 Turbojet Mode . 358 7.9.2 Ramjet Mode . 359 7.9.3 Dual Mode .359 7.

10 Case Study.360 7.11 Examples for Turboramjet Engines .365 7.12 Hypersonic Flight . 367 7.12.1 History of Hypersonic Vehicles.

367 7.12.2 Hypersonic Commercial Transport . 369 7.12.3 Military Applications . 370 7.13 Scramjet Engines.

370 7.13.1 Introduction . 370 7.13.2 Thermodynamics .372 7.14 Intake of a Scramjet Engine .

372 7.15 Combustion Chamber. 373 7.16 Nozzle . 376 7.17 Performance Parameters 376 Problems . 380 References 383.