AcknowledgementsList of IllustrationsAbbreviationsIntroduction1 Background and Context 1 The United States Constitution 2 The Issue of Enumerated Powers 3 Civil War Conscription Antecedents2 The Civil War: the Union 1 The Statute 2 Enrollment Refusal 3 Draft Refusal 4 Amendments to the Conscription Statute of 1863 5 Bounties 6 Conscientious Objectors 7 Legal Cases Pertaining to the Conscription Statute 8 Conclusion3 The Civil War: the Confederacy 1 The First Confederate Conscription Statutes 2 General Responses to Confederate Conscription 3 New Conscription Statutes, December 1863-February 1864 4 Official State Exemptions 5 Armed Resistance 6 The March 1865 Statute 7 Legal Cases Pertaining to the Conscription Statute 8 Conclusion4 World War I 1 The Statute 2 The Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 3 Registration and Opposition to It 4 The Draft and Opposition to It 5 The Slacker Raids 6 Conscientious Objection 7 Draft Prosecutions during World War I 8 Legal Cases Pertaining to the Conscription Statute 9 Conclusion5 World War II 1 The Statute 2 The Draft in Operation 3 Conscientious Objectors 4 Civilian Public Service 5 Controversies Regarding Civilian Public Service 6 Resisters 7 The End of the World War II Draft 8 Legal Cases Pertaining to the Conscription Statute 9 Conclusion6 The Cold War and the Korean War 1 The 1948 Congressional Debate 2 The 1948 Conscription Statute 3 The 1950 Congressional Debate and Conscription Statute 4 The Doctors' Draft (1950) and Other Draft Laws, 1951-63 5 The Draft in Operation 6 Conscientious Objectors 7 Resisters 8 National Service Board for Religious Objectors, the Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors, and the National Council against Conscription 9 The 1948 Statute and Segregation in the Military 10 Legal Cases Pertaining to the Conscription Statute 11 Conclusion7 The Vietnam War Era 1 Early Demonstrations and Preliminary Legal Skirmishes 2 The 1967 Conscription Statute 3 Nixon, the Lottery, and the End of the Draft 4 Evaders 5 Conscientious Objectors 6 Draft Resistance 7 The Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority and the Spock-Coffin Indictment 8 The Draft Board Raids 9 Prosecutions 10 Legal Cases Pertaining to the Conscription Statute 11 Conclusion8 Conclusion 1 Channeling 2 Is the Draft Unconstitutional? 3 Is there a Constitutional Right to Conscientious Objection?Select BibliographyIndex.