Preface Chapter 1: Encountering the Past Chapter Overview Prelude A foreign country An anthropological perspective An ancient world The Age of the Earth A wreck of a world Noah''s Flood Equable and steady change Ancient humans? The Implications of Frere''s Discovery More Stone Tools . and Bones The slow agency of existing causes Ancient humans revisited Cultures Ancient and Changing Charles Darwin and the antiquity of life An evolutionary philosophy The Mutability of Species The origin of species Human Evolution The Human Factor Cultures evolving Our modern view Summary To Learn More Key Terms Chapter 2: Probing the Past Chapter Overview Prelude Epistemology: how we know what we know The "Science" in the Study of the Past Paleoanthropological and archaeological sites How Sites Are Formed How Sites Are Preserved How Sites Are Found How Information Is Recovered Analyzing archaeological data How Artifacts Are Analyzed How Ecofacts Are Analyzed How Human and Prehuman Skeletal Remains Are Analyzed Determining the age of a site or specimen Dating Techniques Based on Radioactive Decay Dating Techniques Based on Biology Dating Techniques Based on Radiation Damage Dating by Measuring Chemical Processes Dating by Measuring Paleomagnetism Summary To Learn More Key Terms Chapter 3: African Roots Chapter Overview Prelude Chronicle Miocene preface Fossil Apes of the Miocene Why the Study of Apes Is Relevant to the Study of Humanity What Happened to the Apes at the End of the Miocene? The Irony of Extinction The first hominids Late Miocene Hominids The Genus Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensis A fork in the hominid road A forest of hominids A different path--homo habilis The Ability to Make Stone Tools Oldowan Technology The Fate of Homo habilis Issues and debates What were the first steps in hominid evolution? How do we know the hominids were upright? Is there other evidence for bipedality? Why bipedalism? The Upright Provider The Upright Scavenger The Efficient Walker The Endurance Runner Were the early hominids hunters? Where did the idea for stone tools come from? What do we know about the early hominid brain? What caused the proliferation of hominid species? Rates of change in evolution Case study close-up Visiting the past Summary To Learn More Key Terms Chapter 4: The Human Lineage Chapter Overview Prelude Chronicle Homo erectus The Evolutionary Position of Homo erectus Hominids conquer the world East Asia Who Was the Hobbit? Homo erectus: Ocean Explorer? China Europe The age of ice The Oxygen Isotope Curve Homo erectus: the toolmaker Subsistence Issues and debates Did the pleistocene cause the evolution of homo erectus? What enabled the geographic expansion of homo erectus? Intelligence Control of Fire The "art" of making tools The mystery of the missing handaxes Raising homo erectus When did homo erectus become extinct? Stability or change? Case study close-up Visiting the past Summary To Learn More Key Terms Chapter 5: The First Humans: The Evolution of Homo sapiens Chapter Overview Prelude Chronicle Premodern humans: Fossil evidence Africa Asia Europe Premodern humans: Cultural evidence The neandertals Morphological Evidence Fossil Evidence Neandertal culture Stone Tools Subsistence Compassion Symbolic Expression Burial of the Dead Anatomically modern homo sapiens An African Source Explaining the evolution of us The replacement model The multiregional model A middle ground Issues and debates Replacement or continuity? What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Replacement Model What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Multiregional Model What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Middle Ground Testing the Implications of Replacement and Continuity Replacement or Continuity? Why were the neandertals replaced? Neandertal nation Could Neandertals Talk? Did Neandertals Worship Cave Bears? Case study close-up Visiting the past Summary To Learn More Key Terms Chapter 6: Expanding Intellectual Horizons: Art and Ideas in the Upper Paleolithic Chapter Overview Prelude Chronicle An intellectual great leap forward: The late stone age and upper paleolithic Blade Technology Broadening the Subsistence Base Larger Sites of Aggregation Branching Out in Raw Materials Abundance of Nonutilitarian Objects Use of Exotic Raw Materials More Elaborate Burials Production of Art A revolution of intellect: The meaning of upper paleolithic art The Earliest Art: Australia and Africa Upper Paleolithic Art in Europe Figurines Issues and debates Is there a gap between the evolution of anatomically modern humans and the development of modern intelligence? What does the art of the upper paleolithic mean? Was the paleolithic "a man''s world"? The importance of living long: The grandmother effect Case study close-up Visiting the past Summary To Learn More Key Terms Chapter 7: Expanding Geographical Horizons: New Worlds Chapter Overview Prelude Chronicle The settlement of greater australia Paleogeography in the Western Pacific The Road to Sahul The Discovery of Greater Australia The earliest occupation of greater Australia The Archaeology of Sahul Willandra Lakes The spread through Australia The Australian Interior Tasmania Greater Australia: A broad range of adaptations East into the pacific A Pacific Islander "Age of Exploration" Pacific Geography Pacific Archaeology Why the Pacific Islands Were Settled Coming to America The source of los indios When did the first migrants arrive? When Was Beringia Exposed and Open for Travel? When Was Eastern Siberia First Inhabited? What Is the Age of the Earliest New World Sites? The first human settlement of america One If by Land Two If by Sea Alaska Denali and Nenana Clovis 290 Clovis Technology The Clovis Advantage Clovis Subsistence First Skeletons Issues and debates What other kinds of data can contribute to solving the riddle of the first americans? Linguistic Diversity Genetic Diversity Could native americans really have come from europe instead of asia? Who--or what--killed the American and Australian megafauna? Case study close-up Visiting the past Summary To Learn More Key Terms Chapter 8: After the Ice: Cultural Change in the Post-Pleistocene Chapter Overview Prelude Chronicle Europe Mesolithic Subsistence Patterns Diversity and Regionalization Trade in the European Mesolithic Innovation in the Mesolithic North america Regionalism in the New World Archaic Koster: Emblem of the Archaic A Diverse Set of Adaptations Asia Australia South america Africa Issues and debates Was the mesolithic only a "prelude"? Case study close-up Visiting the past Summary To Learn More Key Terms Chapter 9: The Food Producing Revolution Chapter Overview Prelude Chronicle Humans taking the place of nature: artificial selection Why agriculture? Environmental Change Cultural Evolution Population Growth An Accident A Multitude of Reasons Archaeological evidence of human control of plant and animal species Geography Size Seed Morphology Osteological Changes Population Characteristics The Near East Late Pleistocene Foragers in the Near East The Origins of a Sedentary Life: The Natufian The First Agriculturalists A Model of the Shift to a Food-Producing Way of Life in Southwest Asia Mesoamerica The First Agriculturalists in the New World The Tehuacán Valley The Cultural Sequence at Tehuacán Primitive Maize-But Not the First Maize The Shift to Domesticated Foods Among the People of Tehuacán A Model of the Shift to a Food-Producing Way of Life in Mesoamerica Africa Neolithic Culture Complexes in Africa A Chronology of Food Production Neolithic Cultures South of the Sahara East Asia Chronology of Food Production in China Food Production in Southeast and Northeast Asia Europe The Shift to Agriculture in Southeast Europe The Shift to Agriculture in Southern Europe The Shift to Agriculture in Western Europe North America Indigenous Domestication North of Mexico The Appearance of Maize in the Eastern Woodlands The American Southwest South America Three Regional Neolithics Animal Domestication in South America Cotton Issues and debates How was domestication accomplished? The Domestication of Wheat From Teosinte.