Preface 1. Encountering the Past CHAPTER OVERVIEW PRELUDE 1.1 A FOREIGN COUNTRY 1.2 AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 1.3 AN ANCIENT WORLD The Age of the Earth 1.4 A WRECK OF A WORLD Noah''s Flood 1.5 EQUABLE AND STEADY CHANGE 1.6 FAIRY STONES? John Frere''s Discovery More Stone Tools.

and Bones 1.7 THE SLOW AGENCY OF EXISTING CAUSES 1.8 ANCIENT HUMANS REVISITED Cultures Ancient and Changing 1.9 CHARLES DARWIN AND THE ANTIQUITY OF LIFE 1.10 AN EVOLUTIONARY PHILOSOPHY The Mutability of Species 1.11 THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES Human Evolution 1.12 CULTURES EVOLVING A New Catastrophism 1.13 OUR MODERN VIEW SUMMARY TO LEARN MORE KEY TERMS 2.

Probing the Past CHAPTER OVERVIEW PRELUDE 2.1 EPISTEMOLOGY: HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW The "Science" in the Study of the Past 2.2 PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES How Sites Are Formed How Sites Are Preserved How Sites Are Found How Information Is Recovered Archaeology at a Distance: Noninvasive Methods of Data Collection 2.3 ANALYZING ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA How Artifacts Are Analyzed How Ecofacts Are Analyzed How Human and Prehuman Skeletal Remains Are Analyzed 2.4 DETERMINING THE AGE OF A SITE OR SPECIMEN Dating Techniques Based on Radioactive Decay Dating Techniques Based on Biology Dating Techniques Based on Radiation Damage What''s the Date? 2.5 THE ETHICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST Finders, Keepers? Or Theft? MESSAGES FROM THE PAST 2.6 COPING WITH CRAP: PSEUDOSCIENCE IN ARCHAEOLOGY SUMMARY TO LEARN MORE KEY TERMS 3. African Roots CHAPTER OVERVIEW PRELUDE CHRONICLE 3.

1 THE FIRST HOMININS Late Miocene Hominins The Genus Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensis 3.2 A FORK IN THE HOMININ ROAD The Ability to Make Tools 3.3 A DIFFERENT PATH-HOMO Oldowan Technology The Fate of Homo habilis ISSUES AND DEBATES 3.4 WHAT WERE THE FIRST STEPS IN HOMININ EVOLUTION? 3.5 HOW DO WE KNOW THE HOMININS WERE UPRIGHT? 3.6 IS THERE OTHER EVIDENCE FOR BIPEDALITY? 3.7 WHY BIPEDALISM? The Upright Provider The Upright Scavenger The Efficient Walker The Endurance Runner 3.8 WHERE DID THE IDEA FOR STONE TOOLS COME FROM? MESSAGES FROM THE PAST 3.

9 HAS EVOLUTION PROGRAMMED US TO BE KILLERS? CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP SUMMARY TO LEARN MORE KEY TERMS 4. The Human Lineage CHAPTER OVERVIEW PRELUDE CHRONICLE 4.1 HOMO ERECTUS The Evolutionary Position of Homo erectus 4.2 HOMININS CONQUER THE WORLD East Asia Homo erectus: Ocean Explorer China and India Southeast Asia: Hobbits Europe A New Hominin Star Where Does Homo naledi Fit in the Story of Human Evolution? 4.3 THE AGE OF ICE The Oxygen Isotope Curve 4.4 HOMO ERECTUS: THE TOOLMAKER 4.5 SUBSISTENCE ISSUES AND DEBATES 4.6 WHAT ENABLED THE GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION OF HOMO ERECTUS? Intelligence Control of Fire 4.

7 THE "ART" OF MAKING TOOLS 4.8 RAISING HOMO ERECTUS 4.9 WHEN DID HOMO ERECTUS BECOME EXTINCT? MESSAGES FROM THE PAST 4.10 WE ARE EVERYWHERE AND CULTURE MAKES IT POSSIBLE CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP SUMMARY TO LEARN MORE KEY TERMS 5. The First Humans The Evolution of Homo sapiens CHAPTER OVERVIEW PRELUDE CHRONICLE 5.1 PREMODERN HUMANS: FOSSIL EVIDENCE 5.2 PREMODERN HUMANS: CULTURAL EVIDENCE 5.3 THE NEANDERTALS Morphological Evidence Fossil Evidence 5.

4 NEANDERTAL CULTURE Stone Tools Subsistence All in the Family Compassion Symbolic Expression Burial of the Dead 5.5 ANATOMICALLY MODERN HOMO SAPIENS 5.6 EXPLAINING THE EVOLUTION OF US Consensus View Evidence Consensus View Evidence Consensus View Evidence Consensus View Evidence Consensus View Stone Tools of Anatomically Modern Human Beings: Utilitarian Works of Art ISSUES AND DEBATES 5.7 WHY ARE THE NEANDERTALS EXTINCT? 5.8 THE NEANDERTALS: A SEPARATE SPECIES MESSAGES FROM THE PAST 5.9 HUMAN BEINGS: AN EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS STORY? CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP SUMMARY TO LEARN MORE KEY TERMS 6. Expanding Intellectual Horizons Art and Ideas in the Upper Paleolithic and Late Stone Age CHAPTER OVERVIEW PRELUDE CHRONICLE 6.1 NEW IDEAS: REFLECTIONS OF THE MODERN HUMAN MIND 1.

New and Improved Stone-Tool Technologies 2. New Hunting and Weapons Technologies 3. Broadening the Subsistence Base 4. Branching Out in Raw Materials and Developing New Technologies 5. New Uses for Plant Materials 6. The Acquisition of Raw Materials from a Great Distance 7. Larger Sites of Population Aggregation 8. Abundance of Nonutilitarian Objects 9.

More Elaborate Burials 10. Symbolic Expression Through the Production of Art 6.2 A REVOLUTION OF INTELLECT: THE MEANING OF UPPER PALEOLITHIC ART The Earliest Art: Australia and Africa Upper Paleolithic Art in Europe Figurines The Sound of Music ISSUES AND DEBATES 6.3 WHAT DOES THE ART OF THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC MEAN? 6.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF LIVING LONG: THE GRANDMOTHER EFFECT 6.5 HAND PRINTS 6.7 DID OUR ANCESTORS COUNT? MESSAGES FROM THE PAST 6.8 WHY DO WE DESTROY? CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP SUMMARY TO LEARN MORE KEY TERMS 7.

Expanding Geographic Horizons New Worlds CHAPTER OVERVIEW PRELUDE 7.1 This Land Was Their Land CHRONICLE 7.2 THE SETTLEMENT OF GREATER AUSTRALIA Paleogeography in the Western Pacific The Road to Sahul The Discovery of Greater Australia 7.3 THE EARLIEST OCCUPATION OF GREATER AUSTRALIA The Archaeology of Sahul Willandra Lakes 7.4 THE SPREAD THROUGH AUSTRALIA The Australian Interior 7.5 TASMANIA 7.6 GREATER AUSTRALIA: A BROAD RANGE OF ADAPTATIONS 7.7 EAST INTO THE PACIFIC A Pacific Islander "Age of Exploration" Pacific Geography Pacific Archaeology 7.

8 COMING TO AMERICA 7.9 THE SOURCE OF LOS INDIOS 7.10 WHEN DID THE FIRST MIGRANTS ARRIVE? When Was Eastern Siberia First Inhabited? When Was Beringia Exposed and Open for Travel An Ice-Free Corridor 7.11 THE FIRST HUMAN SETTLEMENT OF AMERICA Coastal Sites First Skeletons A Contested Consensus 7.12 ALASKA Denali and Nenana 7.13 CLOVIS Clovis Technology Clovis Subsistence Into the Arctic ISSUES AND DEBATES 7.14 WHY WERE THE PACIFIC ISLANDS SETTLED 7.15 COULD THE CONSENSUS BE WRONG ABOUT THE TIMING OF THE INITIAL SETTLEMENT OF THE AMERICAS 7.

16 COULD NATIVE AMERICANS REALLY HAVE COME FROM EUROPE INSTEAD OF ASIA? 7.17 NATIVE AMERICAS AND POLYNESIANS: EVIDENCE OF A FAMILY REUNION 7.18 WHO-OR WHAT-KILLED THE AMERICAN AND AUSTRALIAN MEGAFAUNA? MESSAGES FROM THE PAST 7.19 THE TRAGEDY OF EXTINCTION CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP SUMMARY TO LEARN MORE KEY TERMS 8. After the Ice The Food-Producing Revolution CHAPTER OVERVIEW PRELUDE CHRONICLE 8.1 EUROPE Mesolithic Subsistence Patterns Diversity and Regionalization 8.2 ASIA 8.3 AFRICA 8.

4 AUSTRALIA 8.5 NORTH AMERICA Regionalism in the New World Archaic Koster: Emblem of the Archaic 8.6 SOUTH AMERICA 8.7 THE SHIFT FROM FOOD COLLECTION TO FOOD PRODUCION Humans Taking the Place of Nature: Artificial Selection 8.8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF HUMAN CONTROL OF PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIES Geography Size Seed Morphology Osteological Changes Population Characteristics It''s a Dog''s Life 8.9 THE NEAR EAST Late Pleistocene Foragers in the Near East The First Agriculturalists 8.10 MESOAMERICA The First Agriculturalists in the New World The Shift to Domesticated Foods Among the People of the Tehuacán Valley The Greatest Native American Contribution to Food 8.11 AFRICA A Chronology of Food Production Neolithic Cultures South of the Sahara 8.

12 ASIA Chronology of Food Production in China Food Production in South Asia Food Production in Southeast and Northeast Asia Domestication in Central Asia 8.13 EUROPE The Shift to Agriculture in Western Europe 8.14 NORTH AMERICA Indigenous Domestication North of Mexico The Appearance of Maize in the Eastern Woodlands The American Southwest 8.15 SOUTH AMERICA Three Regional Neolithics Animal Domestication in South America Cotton ISSUES AND DEBATES 8.16 HOW WAS DOMESTICATION ACCOMPLISHED? The Domestication of Wheat From Teosinte to Maize Rice 8.17 THE REMARKABLY MODERN CUISINE OF THE ANCIENT WORLD Why Agriculture? A Multitude of Reasons Got Milk? 8.18 IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC: THE ROOTS OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITY MESSAGES FROM THE PAST 8.19 FOOD, GLORIOUS FOOD CASE STUDY CLOSE-UP 8.

20 HERE, KITTY, KITTY, KITTY SUMMARY TO LEARN MORE KEY TERMS 9. Roots of Complexity The Origins of Civilization CHAPTER OVERVIEW PRELUDE CHRONICLE 9.1 SIMPLICITY AND COMPLEXITY 9.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEXITY: BEFORE.