Preface Chapter 1: Encountering the Past A Foreign Country An Anthropological Perspective An Ancient World The Age of the Earth A Wreck Of a World Noah''s Flood Equable and Steady Change Fairy Stones? John Frere''s Discovery More Stone Tools . and Bones The Slow Agency of Existing Causes Ancient Humans Revisited Cultures Ancient and Changing Charles Darwin and the Antiquity of Life An Evolutionary Philosophy The Mutability of Species The Origin of Species Human Evolution Cultures Evolving Our Modern View Summary To Learn More Technical Summaries Popular Summaries Key Terms Chapter 2: Probing the Past Epistemology: How We Know What We Know The "Science" in the Study of the Past Paleoanthropological and Archaeological Sites How Sites Are Formed How Sites Are Preserved How Sites Are Found How Information Is Recovered Analyzing Archaeological Data How Artifacts Are Analyzed How Human and Prehuman Skeletal Remains Are Analyzed Determining the Age of a Site or Specimen Dating Techniques Based on Radioactive Decay Dating Techniques Based on Biology Dating Techniques Based on Radiation Damage Dating by Measuring Paleomagnetism Summary To Learn More Technical Summaries Popular Summaries On the Web Key Terms Chapter 3: African Roots Prelude Chronicle Miocene Preface Fossil Apes of the Miocene Why the Study of Apes Is Relevant to the Study of Humanity What Happened to the Apes at the End of the Miocene? The Irony of Extinction The First Hominins Late Miocene Hominins The Genus Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensis A Fork in the Hominin Road A Forest of Hominins A Different Path - Homo habilis The Ability to Make Tools Oldowan Technology The Fate of Homo habilis Issues and Debates What Were the First Steps in Hominin Evolution? How Do We Know the Hominins Were Upright? Is There Other Evidence for Bipedality? Why Bipedalism? The Upright Provider The Upright Scavenger The Efficient Walker The Endurance Runner Were the Early Hominins Hunters? Where Did the Idea for Stone Tools Come From? Case Study Close-up Summary To Learn More Technical Summaries Popular Summaries On the Web Key Terms Chapter 4: The Human Lineage Prelude Chronicle Homo erectus The Evolutionary Position of Homo erectus Hominins Conquer the World East Asia Homo erectus: Ocean Explorer? China Europe The Age of Ice The Oxygen Isotope Curve Homo erectus: The Toolmaker Subsistence Issues and Debates Is Homo erectus an Evolved Homo habilis? Did the Pleistocene Cause the Evolution of Homo erectus? What Enabled the Geographic Expansion of Homo erectus? Intelligence Control of Fire The "Art" of Making Tools The Mystery of the Missing Handaxes Who Were the Hobbit Hominins? Raising Homo erectus When Did Homo erectus Become Extinct? Case Study Close-up Summary To Learn More Technical Summaries Popular Summaries On the Web Key Terms Chapter 5: The First Humans Prelude Chronicle Premodern Humans: Fossil Evidence Premodern Humans: Cultural Evidence The Neanderthals Morphological Evidence Fossil Evidence Neandertal Culture Stone Tools Subsistence Compassion Symbolic Expression Burial of the Dead Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens An African Source Explaining the Evolution of Us The Replacement Model The Multiregional Model Issues and Debates Replacement or Continuity? What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Replacement Model What We Would Expect on the Basis of the Multiregional Model Testing the Implications of Replacement and Continuity Replacement or Continuity? Why Were the Neandertals Replaced? Neandertal Nation Could Neandertals Talk? Did Neandertals Worship Cave Bears? Case Study Close-up Summary To Learn More Technical Summaries Popular Summaries Key Terms Chapter 6: Expanding Intellectual Horizons Prelude Chronicle An Intellectual Great Leap Forward Blade Technology Broadening the Subsistence Base Larger Sites of Aggregation Branching Out in Raw Materials Abundance of Nonutilitarian Objects Use of Exotic Raw Materials More Elaborate Burials Production of Art A Revolution of Intellect: The Meaning of Upper Paleolithic Art The Earliest Art: Australia and Africa Upper Paleolithic Art in Europe Figurines The Sound of Music Issues and Debates What Does the Art of the Upper Paleolithic Mean? The Importance of Living Long: The Grandmother Effect Case Study Close-up Summary To Learn More Technical Summaries Popular Summaries On the Web Key Terms Chapter 7: Expanding Geographic Horizons Prelude Chronicle The Settlement of Greater Australia Paleogeography in the Western Pacific The Road to Sahul The Discovery of Greater Australia The Earliest Occupation of Greater Australia The Archaeology of Sahul Willandra Lakes The Spread Through Australia The Australian Interior Tasmania Greater Australia: A Broad Range of Adaptations East into the Pacific Pacific Islander "Age of Exploration" Pacific Geography Pacific Archaeology Coming to America The Source of Los Indios When Did the First Migrants Arrive? When Was Beringia Exposed and Open for Travel? When Was Eastern Siberia First Inhabited? What Is the Age of the Earliest New World Sites? The First Human Settlement of America One If by Land Two If by Sea Alaska Denali and Nenana Settlement of the Americas Clovis Clovis Technology Clovis Subsistence First Skeletons Issues and Debates Why Were the Pacific Islands Settled? Could Native Americans Really Have Come from Europe instead of Asia? Who-or What-Killed the American and Australian Megafauna? Case Study Close-up Summary To Learn More Technical Summaries Popular Summaries On the Web Key Terms Chapter 8: After the Ice: The Food-Producing Revolution Prelude Chronicle Europe Mesolithic Subsistence Patterns Diversity and Regionalization Innovation in the Mesolithic Asia The Development of Complexity: Before Agriculture Africa Australia North America Regionalism in the New World Archaic Koster: Emblem of the Archaic A Diversity of Adaptations South America The Shift from Food Collection to Food Production Humans Taking the Place of Nature: Artificial Selection Archaeological Evidence of Human Control of Plant and Animal Species Geography Size Seed Morphology Osteological Changes Population Characteristics The Near East Late Pleistocene Foragers in the Near East The First Agriculturalists Mesoamerica The First Agriculturalists in the New World The Shift to Domesticated Foods Among the People of The Tehuacán Valley The Greatest Native American Contribution to Food A Model of the Shift to a Food-Producing Way of Life in Mesoamerica Africa Neolithic Culture Complexes in Africa A Chronology of Food Production Neolithic Cultures South of the Sahara East and Central Asia Chronology of Food Production in China Food Production in Southeast and Northeast Asia Domestication in Central Asia Europe The Shift to Agriculture in Southeast Europe The Shift to Agriculture in Western Europe North America Indigenous Domestication North of Mexico The Appearance of Maize in the Eastern Woodlands The American Southwest South America Three Regional Neolithics Animal Domestication in South America Cotton Issues and Debates How was Domestication Accomplished? The Domestication of Wheat From Teosinte to Maize Beans The Remarkably Modern Cuisine of the Ancient World Why Agriculture? Niche Construction A Multitude of Reasons Was Agriculture the "Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race?" Implications of the Neolithic: The Roots of Social Complexity Case Study Close-up Summary To Learn more Techincal Summaries Popular Summaries On the Web Key Terms Chapter 9: Roots of Complexity Prelude The Construction of Stonehenge Imagining Stonehenge Chronicle Simplicity and Complexity The Origins of Complexity A Revolution in Subsistence, A Revolution in Society From Rank Societies to Chiefdoms Complexity''s Traces in the Old World Jericho Çatalhöyük Mesopotamia: Land Between the Rivers The Roots of Complexity in Southwest Asia Complexity''s Earliest Traces in the New World The Olmec South America Issues and Debates Why Does Complexity Develop in the First Place? Is Complexity Inevitable? Case Study Close-up.