Since 2001, Pakistan has undertaken a number of operations against militant groups, including al Qa'ida, that directly affect U.S. national security. Despite some successes, militant groups continue to present a significant threat to Pakistan, the United States, and a range of other countries. Numerous militant networks-including al Qa'ida and other foreign fighters-exist in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and North West Frontier Province. This volume examines these militants, their history, and their relationships with the people and government of Pakistan and identifies means for enhancing cooperation between people and government to reduce the militant threat. Book jacket.