Each chapter includes a Chapter Overview, Summary, To Learn More, and Key Terms.Preface1. Encountering the Past A Foreign Country An Anthropological Perspective An Ancient World The Age of the Earth A Wreck of a World Noah''s FloodEquable and Steady ChangeFairy Stones?John Frere''s DiscoveryMore Stone Tools . and BonesThe Slow Agency of Existing Causes Ancient Humans Revisited Cultures Ancient and Changing Charles Darwin and the Antiquity of Life An Evolutionary Philosophy The Mutability of Species The Origin of Species Human Evolution Cultures Evolving A New Catastrophism?Our Modern View 2. Probing the PastEpistemology: How We Know What We Know The "Science" in the Study of the Past Paleoanthropological and Archaeological Sites How Sites Are Formed How Sites Are Preserved How Sites Are Found How Information Is Recovered Archaeology at a Distance: Noninvasive Methods of Data Collection Analyzing Archaeological Data How Artifacts Are Analyzed How Ecofacts Are Analyzed How Human and Prehuman Skeletal Remains Are Analyzed Determining the Age of a Site or Specimen Dating Techniques Based on Radioactive Decay Dating Techniques Based on Biology Dating Techniques Based on Radiation Damage Dating by Measuring Paleomagnetism The Ethical ArchaeologistCoping with Crap: Pseudoscience in Archaeology 3. African RootsWhat Happened to the Apes at the End of the Miocene? The First Hominins Late Miocene Hominins The Genus Australopithecus Australopithecus afarensis A Fork in the Hominin Road The Ability to Make Tools A Different Path-Homo Oldowan Technology The Fate of Homo habilis What Were the First Steps in Hominin Evolution? How Do We Know the Hominins Were Upright? Is There Other Evidence for Bipedality? Why Bipedalism? The Upright Provider The Upright Scavenger The Efficient Walker The Endurance Runner Where Did the Idea for Stone Tools Come From? Has Evolution Programmed Us to Be Killers? 4. The Human LineageHomo erectus The Evolutionary Position of Homo erectus Hominins Conquer the World East Asia Homo erectus: Ocean Explorer? China and India Southeast Asia: Hobbits?Europe A New Hominin Star Where does Homo naledi fit in the story of human evolution?The Age of Ice The Oxygen Isotope Curve Homo erectus: The Toolmaker Subsistence What Enabled the Geographic Expansion of Homo Erectus? Intelligence Control of Fire The "Art" of Making Tools Homo erectus art? Raising Homo erectus When Did Homo erectus Become Extinct? We Are Everywhere and Culture Makes it Possible 5. The First Humans: The Evolution of Homo sapiensPremodern Humans: Fossil Evidence Premodern Humans: Cultural Evidence The Neandertals Morphological Evidence Fossil Evidence Neandertal Culture Stone Tools Subsistence Compassion Symbolic Expression Burial of the Dead Anatomically Modern Homo Sapiens Explaining the Evolution of Us Consensus View Evidence Consensus View Stone Tools of Anatomically Modern Human Beings: Utilitarian Works of Art Why are the Neandertals Extinct? The Neandertals: A Separate Species Human Beings: An Evolutionary Success Story? 6.

Expanding Intellectual Horizons: Arts and Ideas in the Upper Paleolithic and Late Stone AgeNew Ideas: Reflections of the Modern Human Mind 1. New and Improved Stone-Tool Technologies 2. New Hunting and Weapons Technologies 3. Broadening the Subsistence Base 4. Branching Out in Raw Materials and Developing New Technologies 5. New Uses for Plant Materials 6. The Acquisition of Raw Materials from a Great Distance 7. Larger Sites of Population Aggregation 8.

Abundance of Nonutilitarian Objects 9. More Elaborate Burials 10. Symbolic Expression Through the Production of Art A Revolution of Intellect: The Meaning of Upper Paleolithic Art The Earliest Art: Australia and Africa Upper Paleolithic Art in Europe Figurines The Sound of Music What Does the Art of the Upper Paleolithic Mean? The Importance Of Living Long: The Grandmother Effect Why Do We Destroy?7. Expanding Geographic Horizons: New WorldsThe Settlement of Greater Australia Paleogeography in the Western Pacific The Road to Sahul The Discovery of Greater Australia The Earliest Occupation of Greater Australia The Archaeology of Sahul Willandra Lakes The Spread through Australia The Australian Interior Tasmania Greater Australia: A Broad Range of Adaptations East into the Pacific A Pacific Islander "Age of Exploration" Pacific Geography Pacific Archaeology Coming to America The Source of Los Indios When did the First Migrants Arrive? When Was Eastern Siberia First Inhabited?When Was Beringia Exposed and Open for Travel? An Ice-Free CorridorThe First Human Settlement of America Coastal Sites First Skeletons A Contested ConsensusAlaska Denali and Nenana Clovis Clovis Technology Clovis Subsistence Into the Arctic Why Were the Pacific Islands Settled? Could Native Americans Really Have Come from Europe Instead of Asia? Who--or What--Killed the American and Australian Megafauna? The Tragedy of Extinction 8. After the Ice: The Food-Producing RevolutionEurope Mesolithic Subsistence Patterns Diversity and Regionalization Asia Africa Australia North America Regionalism in the New World Archaic Koster: Emblem of the Archaic South America The Shift from Food Collection to Food Production Humans Taking the Place of Nature: Artificial Selection Archaeological Evidence of Human Control of Plant and Animal Species Geography Size Seed Morphology Osteological Changes Population Characteristics The Near East Late Pleistocene Foragers in the Near East The First Agriculturalists Mesoamerica The First Agriculturalists in the New World The Shift to Domesticated Foods Among the People of the Tehuacán Valley The Greatest Native American Contribution to Food Africa A Chronology of Food Production Neolithic Cultures South of the Sahara Asia Chronology of Food Production in China Food Production in South Asia Food Production in Southeast and Northeast Asia Domestication in Central Asia EuropeThe Shift to Agriculture in Western Europe North America Indigenous Domestication North of Mexico The Appearance of Maize in the Eastern Woodlands The American Southwest South America Three Regional Neolithics Animal Domestication in South America Cotton How Was Domestication Accomplished? The Domestication of Wheat From Teosinte to Maize Rice The Remarkably Modern Cuisine of the Ancient World Why Agriculture? A Multitude of ReasonsImplications of the Neolithic: The Roots of Social Complexity Here, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty 9. Roots of Complexity: The Origins of CivilizationThe Construction of Stonehenge Imagining Stonehenge Simplicity and Complexity The Development of Complexity: Before Agriculture A Revolution in Subsistence, A Revolution in Society From Rank Societies to Chiefdoms Complexity''s Traces in the Old World Jericho Çatalhöyük Mesopotamia: Land Between the Rivers The Roots of Complexity in Southwest Asia Complexity''s Traces in the New World The Olmec South America Why Does Complexity Develop in the First Place? Messages from the Past Are Complexity and Inequality Inevitable? 10. An Explosion of Complexity: Mesopotamia, Africa, and EuropeThe Evolution of the State The Character of Civilization Food Surplus Social Stratification Labor Specialization A Formal Government Large, Dense Populations Record Keeping Monumental Works The Geography of Civilizations Mesopotamia Accelerating Change: The Ubaid The Role of Irrigation Power Invested in the Temple Mesopotamia''s First Cities: The Uruk Period The Beginning of the Written Record Egypt of the Pharaohs The Egyptian Neolithic Hierakonpolis First Writing First Pharaoh The Flowering of Egypt The Pyramid Age Other African Civilizations Beyond Egypt Great Zimbabwe The Glory of Zimbabwe Minoan Crete The Palace at Knossos Who Were the Egyptians?Who Were the Minoans?Were the Pyramids Built by Slaves?Why Did State Societies Develop? Conflict Models Integration Models Many Paths to Civilization The One-Percenters: The Ancient Roots of Inequality 11. An Explosion of Complexity: The Indus Valley and ChinaThe Indus Valley Civilization Flood Control and Civilization in the Indus Valley Cultural Convergence Cities of the Indus The Indus Script "A Peaceful Realm" Collapse The Civilization of Ancient China The Lung-shan Culture Acceleration toward Civilization The Shang Civilization Why Were the Elites of State Societies So Conspicuous in their Consumption? The Universality of Human Genius The Terra-Cotta Army of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty 12.

An Explosion of Complexity: MesoamericaThe Maya Seeing the Maya Through the TreesMaya Writing Peak of the Maya Who Were the Rulers of Copán?The Grandeur that was Copán Post-Classic Reorganization Teotihuacán Teotihuacán History A Monumental City The Teotihuacan JaguarsResidences of Teotihuacán''s Citizens The Reach of Teotihuacán Monte Albán The Aztecs Feeding Hungry GodsWhy did The Maya Collapse? What does "Collapse" Even Mean? Messages from the Past 13. An Explosion of Complexity: South AmericaMoche Empires: Tiwanaku Empires: Wari Empires: Chimu Empires: The Inka Inka Royalty Inka Agricultural Infrastructure How Did the Inka Support Their Economic System? The Inka Military Empire A State Without Writing? The End of the Inka State Complexity in Ancient AmazoniaPuma Punko: Spaceport of the Ancient Aliens?Why do Civilizations Collapse? Cry for the Children14. An Explosion of Complexity: North AmericaComplexity in Prehistoric America North of Mexico The Development of Complexity The Mississippian Civilization Cahokia The American Southwest Hohokam Mogollon Ancestral Puebloan The Lost World of Chaco CanyonRich and Powerful, Even in DeathAll Roads Lead to-and From-ChacoThe Cliff Dwellers of Mesa VerdeCoast of North America What Happened to the Ancestral Puebloans? Time Traveling: You Can Visit the Past Evolutionary EpilogueCivilization ChronologyMap of CivilizationHominid Species GlossaryGlossaryReferencesIndex.