Preface1. Encountering the PastCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDE1.1 A FOREIGN COUNTRY1.2 AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE1.3 AN ANCIENT WORLDThe Age of the Earth1.4 A WRECK OF A WORLDNoah''s Flood1.5 EQUABLE AND STEADY CHANGE1.6 FAIRY STONES?John Frere''s DiscoveryMore Stone Tools.

and Bones1.7 THE SLOW AGENCY OF EXISTING CAUSES 1.8 ANCIENT HUMANS REVISITEDCultures Ancient and Changing1.9 CHARLES DARWIN AND THE ANTIQUITY OF LIFE1.10 AN EVOLUTIONARY PHILOSOPHYThe Mutability of Species1.11 THE ORIGIN OF SPECIESHuman Evolution1.12 CULTURES EVOLVINGA New Catastrophism1.13 OUR MODERN VIEWSUMMARYTO LEARN MOREKEY TERMS2.

Probing the PastCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDE2.1 EPISTEMOLOGY: HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOWThe "Science" in the Study of the Past2.2 PALEOANTHROPOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITESHow Sites Are FormedHow Sites Are PreservedHow Sites Are FoundHow Information Is RecoveredArchaeology at a Distance: Noninvasive Methods of Data Collection2.3 ANALYZING ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATAHow Artifacts Are AnalyzedHow Ecofacts Are AnalyzedHow Human and Prehuman Skeletal Remains Are Analyzed2.4 DETERMINING THE AGE OF A SITE OR SPECIMENDating Techniques Based on Radioactive DecayDating Techniques Based on BiologyDating Techniques Based on Radiation DamageWhat''s the Date?2.5 THE ETHICAL ARCHAEOLOGIST Finders, Keepers? Or Theft? MESSAGES FROM THE PAST2.6 COPING WITH CRAP: PSEUDOSCIENCE IN ARCHAEOLOGYSUMMARYTO LEARN MOREKEY TERMS3. African RootsCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDECHRONICLE3.

1 THE FIRST HOMININSLate Miocene HomininsThe Genus AustralopithecusAustralopithecus afarensis3.2 A FORK IN THE HOMININ ROADThe Ability to Make Tools3.3 A DIFFERENT PATH-HOMO Oldowan TechnologyThe Fate of Homo habilis ISSUES AND DEBATES3.4 WHAT WERE THE FIRST STEPS IN HOMININ EVOLUTION?3.5 HOW DO WE KNOW THE HOMININS WERE UPRIGHT?3.6 IS THERE OTHER EVIDENCE FOR BIPEDALITY?3.7 WHY BIPEDALISM?The Upright ProviderThe Upright ScavengerThe Efficient WalkerThe Endurance Runner3.8 WHERE DID THE IDEA FOR STONE TOOLS COME FROM?MESSAGES FROM THE PAST3.

9 HAS EVOLUTION PROGRAMMED US TO BE KILLERS?CASE STUDY CLOSE-UPSUMMARYTO LEARN MOREKEY TERMS4. The Human LineageCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDECHRONICLE4.1 HOMO ERECTUS The Evolutionary Position of Homo erectus 4.2 HOMININS CONQUER THE WORLDEast AsiaHomo erectus: Ocean ExplorerChina and IndiaSoutheast Asia: HobbitsEuropeA New Hominin StarWhere Does Homo naledi Fit in the Story of Human Evolution?4.3 THE AGE OF ICEThe Oxygen Isotope Curve4.4 HOMO ERECTUS: THE TOOLMAKER4.5 SUBSISTENCEISSUES AND DEBATES4.6 WHAT ENABLED THE GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSION OF HOMO ERECTUS?IntelligenceControl of Fire4.

7 THE "ART" OF MAKING TOOLS4.8 RAISING HOMO ERECTUS 4.9 WHEN DID HOMO ERECTUS BECOME EXTINCT?MESSAGES FROM THE PAST4.10 WE ARE EVERYWHERE AND CULTURE MAKES IT POSSIBLECASE STUDY CLOSE-UPSUMMARYTO LEARN MORE KEY TERMS5. The First HumansThe Evolution of Homo sapiensCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDECHRONICLE5.1 PREMODERN HUMANS: FOSSIL EVIDENCE5.2 PREMODERN HUMANS: CULTURAL EVIDENCE5.3 THE NEANDERTALSMorphological EvidenceFossil Evidence5.

4 NEANDERTAL CULTUREStone ToolsSubsistenceAll in the FamilyCompassionSymbolic ExpressionBurial of the Dead5.5 ANATOMICALLY MODERN HOMO SAPIENS5.6 EXPLAINING THE EVOLUTION OF USConsensus ViewEvidenceConsensus ViewEvidenceConsensus ViewEvidenceConsensus ViewEvidenceConsensus ViewStone Tools of Anatomically Modern Human Beings: Utilitarian Works of ArtISSUES AND DEBATES5.7 WHY ARE THE NEANDERTALS EXTINCT?5.8 THE NEANDERTALS: A SEPARATE SPECIESMESSAGES FROM THE PAST5.9 HUMAN BEINGS: AN EVOLUTIONARY SUCCESS STORY?CASE STUDY CLOSE-UPSUMMARYTO LEARN MORE KEY TERMS6. Expanding Intellectual HorizonsArt and Ideas in the Upper Paleolithic and Late Stone AgeCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDECHRONICLE6.1 NEW IDEAS: REFLECTIONS OF THE MODERN HUMAN MIND1.

New and Improved Stone-Tool Technologies2. New Hunting and Weapons Technologies3. Broadening the Subsistence Base4. Branching Out in Raw Materials and Developing New Technologies5. New Uses for Plant Materials6. The Acquisition of Raw Materials from a Great Distance7. Larger Sites of Population Aggregation8. Abundance of Nonutilitarian Objects9.

More Elaborate Burials10. Symbolic Expression Through the Production of Art6.2 A REVOLUTION OF INTELLECT: THE MEANING OF UPPER PALEOLITHIC ARTThe Earliest Art: Australia and AfricaUpper Paleolithic Art in EuropeFigurinesThe Sound of MusicISSUES AND DEBATES6.3 WHAT DOES THE ART OF THE UPPER PALEOLITHIC MEAN?6.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF LIVING LONG: THE GRANDMOTHER EFFECT6.5 HAND PRINTS 6.7 DID OUR ANCESTORS COUNT?MESSAGES FROM THE PAST6.8 WHY DO WE DESTROY?CASE STUDY CLOSE-UPSUMMARYTO LEARN MOREKEY TERMS7.

Expanding Geographic HorizonsNew WorldsCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDE7.1 This Land Was Their Land CHRONICLE7.2 THE SETTLEMENT OF GREATER AUSTRALIAPaleogeography in the Western PacificThe Road to SahulThe Discovery of Greater Australia7.3 THE EARLIEST OCCUPATION OF GREATER AUSTRALIAThe Archaeology of SahulWillandra Lakes7.4 THE SPREAD THROUGH AUSTRALIAThe Australian Interior7.5 TASMANIA7.6 GREATER AUSTRALIA: A BROAD RANGE OF ADAPTATIONS7.7 EAST INTO THE PACIFICA Pacific Islander "Age of Exploration"Pacific GeographyPacific Archaeology7.

8 COMING TO AMERICA7.9 THE SOURCE OF LOS INDIOS 7.10 WHEN DID THE FIRST MIGRANTS ARRIVE?When Was Eastern Siberia First Inhabited?When Was Beringia Exposed and Open for TravelAn Ice-Free Corridor7.11 THE FIRST HUMAN SETTLEMENT OF AMERICACoastal SitesFirst SkeletonsA Contested Consensus7.12 ALASKADenali and Nenana7.13 CLOVISClovis TechnologyClovis SubsistenceInto the ArcticISSUES AND DEBATES7.14 WHY WERE THE PACIFIC ISLANDS SETTLED7.15 COULD THE CONSENSUS BE WRONG ABOUT THE TIMING OF THE INITIAL SETTLEMENT OF THE AMERICAS7.

16 COULD NATIVE AMERICANS REALLY HAVE COME FROM EUROPE INSTEAD OF ASIA?7.17 NATIVE AMERICAS AND POLYNESIANS: EVIDENCE OF A FAMILY REUNION 7.18 WHO-OR WHAT-KILLED THE AMERICAN AND AUSTRALIAN MEGAFAUNA?MESSAGES FROM THE PAST7.19 THE TRAGEDY OF EXTINCTIONCASE STUDY CLOSE-UPSUMMARYTO LEARN MOREKEY TERMS8. After the IceThe Food-Producing RevolutionCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDECHRONICLE8.1 EUROPEMesolithic Subsistence PatternsDiversity and Regionalization8.2 ASIA8.3 AFRICA8.

4 AUSTRALIA8.5 NORTH AMERICARegionalism in the New World ArchaicKoster: Emblem of the Archaic8.6 SOUTH AMERICA8.7 THE SHIFT FROM FOOD COLLECTION TO FOOD PRODUCIONHumans Taking the Place of Nature: Artificial Selection8.8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF HUMAN CONTROL OF PLANT AND ANIMAL SPECIESGeographySizeSeed MorphologyOsteological ChangesPopulation CharacteristicsIt''s a Dog''s Life8.9 THE NEAR EASTLate Pleistocene Foragers in the Near EastThe First Agriculturalists8.10 MESOAMERICAThe First Agriculturalists in the New WorldThe Shift to Domesticated Foods Among the People of the Tehuacán ValleyThe Greatest Native American Contribution to Food8.11 AFRICAA Chronology of Food ProductionNeolithic Cultures South of the Sahara8.

12 ASIAChronology of Food Production in ChinaFood Production in South AsiaFood Production in Southeast and Northeast AsiaDomestication in Central Asia8.13 EUROPEThe Shift to Agriculture in Western Europe8.14 NORTH AMERICAIndigenous Domestication North of MexicoThe Appearance of Maize in the Eastern WoodlandsThe American Southwest8.15 SOUTH AMERICAThree Regional NeolithicsAnimal Domestication in South AmericaCottonISSUES AND DEBATES8.16 HOW WAS DOMESTICATION ACCOMPLISHED?The Domestication of WheatFrom Teosinte to MaizeRice8.17 THE REMARKABLY MODERN CUISINE OF THE ANCIENT WORLDWhy Agriculture?A Multitude of ReasonsGot Milk?8.18 IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC: THE ROOTS OF SOCIAL COMPLEXITYMESSAGES FROM THE PAST8.19 FOOD, GLORIOUS FOODCASE STUDY CLOSE-UP8.

20 HERE, KITTY, KITTY, KITTYSUMMARYTO LEARN MOREKEY TERMS9. Roots of ComplexityThe Origins of CivilizationCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDECHRONICLE9.1 SIMPLICITY AND COMPLEXITY9.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEXITY: BEFORE AGRICULTURE9.3 A REVOLUTION IN SUBSISTENCE, A REVOLUTION IN SOCIETYFrom Rank Societies to Chiefdoms9.4 COMPLEXITY''S TRACES IN THE OLD WORLDJerichoÇatalhöyükMesopotamia: Land Between the RiversThe Roots of Complexity in Southwest Asia9.5 COMPLEXITY''S TRACES IN THE NEW WORLDThe OlmecSouth AmericaISSUES AND DEBATES9.6 WHY DOES COMPLEXITY DEVELOP IN THE FIRST PLACE?MESSAGES FROM THE PAST9.

7 ARE COMPLEXITY AND INEQUALITY INEVITABLE?9.8 STONEHENGE 9.9 THE CONSTRUCTION OF STONEHENGE 9.10 IMAGINING STONEHENGE CASE STUDY CLOSE-UPSUMMARYTO LEARN MOREKEY TERMS10. An Explosion of ComplexityMesopotamia, Africa, and EuropeCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDECHRONICLE10.1 THE EVOLUTION OF THE STATE10.2 THE CHARACTER OF CIVILIZATIONFood SurplusSocial Stratification Labor SpecializationA Formal GovernmentLarge, Dense PopulationsRecord KeepingMonumental Works10.3 THE GEOGRAPHY OF CIVILIZATIONS10.

4 MESOPOTAMIAAccelerating Change: The UbaidThe Role of IrrigationPower Invested in the TempleMesopotamia''s First Cities: The Uruk PeriodThe Beginning of the Written Record10.5 EGYPT OF THE PHARAOHSThe Egyptian NeolithicHierakonpolisFirst WritingFirst PharaohThe Flowering of EgyptThe Pyramid Age10.6 OTHER AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS BEYOND EGYPT10.7 GREAT ZIMBABWEThe Glory of Zimbabwe10.8 MINOAN CRETEThe Palace at KnossosISSUES AND DEBATES10.9 WHO WERE THE EGYPTIANS?10.10 WHO WERE THE MINOANS?10.11 WERE THE PYRAMIDS BUILT BY SLAVES?10.

12 WHY DID STATE SOCIETIES DEVELOP?Conflict ModelsIntegration ModelsMany Paths to CivilizationMESSAGES FROM THE PAST10.13 THE ONE-PERCENTERS: THE ANCIENT ROOTS OF INEQUALITYCASE STUDY CLOSE-UP10.14 Giza SUMMARYTO LEARN MOREKEY TERMS11. An Explosion of ComplexityThe Indus Valley and ChinaCHAPTER OVERVIEWPRELUDECHRONICLE11.1 THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION?Flood Control and Civilization in the Indus ValleyCultural ConvergenceCities of the IndusThe Indus Script"A Peaceful Realm"Collapse11.2 THE CIVILIZATION OF ANCIENT CHINAThe Lung-shan CultureAcceleration Toward CivilizationThe Shang CivilizationTarim Basin People ISSUES AND DEBATES 11.3 WHY WERE THE ELITES OF STATE SOCIETIES SO CONSPICUOUS IN THEIR CONSUMPTION?MESSAGES FROM THE PAST11.