Contents Abbreviations vii Standards viii Introduction 1 The Incarnation 3 Ritual Atonement Metaphors 5 The Logic(s) of Atonement 8 Chapter 1: Sacrifice and Scapegoat 11 1.1 Hebrew Sacrifice 11 1.1.1 As a Gift 11 1.1.2 For Purification 12 1.1.3 Purifying the Temple 15 1.

1.4The Kippering of Sin 17 1.1.5 The Basic Meanings of Sacrifice 19 1.2 Spiritualization 20 1.3 Typological Interpretation 29 1.4. Expulsion Rituals 31 1.

4.1 Gentile Expulsion Rites 32 1.4.2 OT Expulsion Rituals 34 1.5 Using Scapegoat to Christianize Sacrifice 37 Chapter 2: Paul''s Use of Cultic Imagery 39 2.1 The Sacrificial Metaphor in Romans 3:25 39 2.2 Scapegoat and New Creation in 2 Corinthians 5:21 42 2.3 The Currency of the Curse in Galatians 3:13 44 2.

3.1 Redemption and Curse 44 2.3.2 Covenants and Curses 46 2.4 The Body of Sin in Romans 6 to 8 48 2.5 Summary of Paul''s Expulsion Imagery 50 2.6 Hellenistic and "Noble Death" Motifs 52 2.7 Cultic and Social Metaphors 55 2.

8 Pauline Soteriology 57 2.8.1 Explaining the Messiah to the Gentiles 57 2.8.2 What Does "Dying for Us" Mean? 58 2.8.3 Your Faith Has Saved You? 60 Chapter 3: Atonement after Paul 63 3.1 Domesticating Paul 63 3.

1.1 The Conservative Deutero-Pauline Tradition 63 3.1.2 Making Redemption Dominant 64 3.2 Development of the Doctrines of Atonement 66 3.2.1 The Rescue Theories 67 3.2.

2 Augustine and Gregory the Great 69 3.2.3 The Satisfaction Theory 71 3.2.4 The Moral Influence Theory 74 3.2.5 Reformation Theories 75 3.3 The Psychology of Atonement 79 3.

3.1 Why Atonement Is Compelling 79 3.3.2 The Guilt-Gratitude Cycle 82 Chapter 4: Rationalizing the Atonement Doctrine 84 4.1 Restating Atonement 85 4.2 Redefining Sacrifice 86 4.2.1 Sacrifice as Soul-Repair 87 4.

2.2 Sacrifice as Sacred Violence 89 4.2.2.1 The Theory of Girard 89 4.2.2.2 Exonerating Paul 94 4.

3 Critiques of Atonement 96 4.3.1 Winter''s Critique of Inadequate Atonement Theories 96 4.3.2 Weaver: Improving the Atonement 98 4.3.3 Wink: A Nearly Pacifist Gospel 100 4.3.

4 Feminist Rejection of a Gospel of Suffering 104 4.4 Atonement: A Call for the Question 106 4.4.1 Is the Atonement Metaphor Inherently Flawed? 106 4.4.2 Can the Sacrifice Metaphor Be Spiritualized? 108 4.5 Did Jesus Have to Be Killed? 109 4.6 The Soteriology of Jesus 111 4.

6.1 The Hosea Principle 112 4.6.2 Jesus at Odds with Ritual Correctness 113 Chapter 5: The Incarnation 117 5.1 The Incarnation Interpreted through Secondary Doctrines 117 5.2 Theøsis 120 Bibliography 125 Index of Modern Authors 135 Index of Ancient Texts 138.