List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Foreword xiii Series Preface xxvii Acknowledgments xxix One Overview of Cross-Battery Assessment and the Cross-Battery Assessment Software System (X-BASS) 1 Two How to Organize, Analyze, and Interpret Cross-Battery Data Using X-BASS 27 Three DD/C as the Core of SLD Identification: History, Definitions, and Contemporary Practice 65 Four How to Use the PSW and SLD Evidence Tabs in X-BASS 95 Five Diagnostic Cross-Battery Assessments for Reading, Writing, and Math Referrals 119 Six When Evaluations Disagree But the Data Do Not: How Interpretation Shaped a Child's Reading Support 181 Seven A Case of Conceptual/Reasoning Dyscalculia 201 Eight Cross-Battery Assessment and Evaluation of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations 213 Nine The Cognitive Profiles of Students with Reading and Math Learning Difficulties and Corresponding Evidence-Based Interventions 247 Appendix A The Contemporary Cattell-Horn-Carroll Taxonomy: Broad and Narrow Ability Definitions and Task Examples 253 Appendix B Expert-Consensus Study for New Tests/Subtests Included in X-BASS 3.0 263 Appendix C The Evolution of Cognitive-Achievement Relations Research: Past, Present, and Future 271 Appendix D Intercorrelations and Reliability Coefficients Used to Calculate XBA Composites in X-BASS 291 Appendix E Convergent Validity of X-BASS CHC Composites: A Large-Scale Comparison with Norm-Referenced Composites 297 Appendix F Continuous Variables and Categorical Decisions About SLD 301 Appendix G Exclusionary Criteria in the Diagnosis of SLD 313 Appendix H Manifestations of Cognitive Weaknesses 319 Appendix I Batteries and Tests Included in X- BASS 3.0 333 Appendix J Phonological and Orthographic Reading Errors: A Diagnostic Guide and Related Interventions 341 Appendix K Phonological and Orthographic Spelling Errors: A Diagnostic Guide and Related Interventions 349 Appendix L Manifestations of Cognitive Strengths 357 Appendix M Calculation of the Facilitating Cognitive Composite in the Dual Discrepancy/Consistency Pattern of Strengths and Weaknesses Method 371 Appendix N Manifestations of at Least Average Ability to Think and Reason Across Grade Levels 375 Appendix O Calculation of Domain- Specific Cognitive Weakness and Unexpected Underachievement in the Dual Discrepancy/Consistency Pattern of Strengths and Weaknesses Method in X- BASS 377 Appendix P Addressing Measurement Error to Improve Specific Learning Disability Identification Accuracy and School Psychologists' Confidence 381 Appendix Q Real- World Manifestations of Academic Skill Weaknesses 395 Appendix R Sample Report From Intervention Library--IL for a 3rd-Grade Student with a Weakness in Retrieval Fluency 407 Appendix S Sample Report From Intervention Library--IL for a 7th-Grade Student with a Weakness in Working Memory Capacity 415 Appendix T Sample Report From Intervention Library--IL for a 10th-Grade Student with a Weakness in Reading Comprehension 423 Afterword 431 Index 433.