I. The Process of Writing 1 Assessing the Writing Situation 1.1 How Writing Happens 1.2 The Writing Situation 1.3 Audience 1.4 Purpose 1.5 Subject 1.6 Genre and Medium 2 Discovering and Shaping Ideas 2.

1 Invention 2.2 Thesis 2.3 Organization Sample Informative Essay 3 Drafting, Revising, and Editing 3.1 First Draft Sample First Draft 3.2 Revising 3.3 Peer Review 3.4 Sample Revision Sample Revised Draft 3.5 Editing 3.

6 Final Draft Sample Final Draft 4 Writing and Revising Paragraphs 4.1 Flow 4.2 Unity 4.3 Coherence 4.4 Development 4.5 Introductions, Conclusions, and Transitions 5 Presenting Writing 5.1 Academic Writing 5.2 Visuals and Media 5.

3 Writing Online Sample Literacy Narrative Blog Post 5.4 Oral Presentations Sample Presentation Slides 5.5 Portfolios II. Reading and Writing in and out of College 6 Writing in Academic Situations 6.1 Purpose and Audience 6.2 Genre 6.3 Writing with Sources 6.4 Academic Language 6.

5 Communication in Academic Settings 7 Critical Reading and Writing 7.1 Critical Thinking 7.2 Techniques of Critical Reading 7.3 Summarizing 7.4 Critical Response 7.5 Visual Analysis 7.6 Writing a Critical Analysis 7.7 Sample Critical Responses Sample Critical Analysis of a Text Sample Critical Analysis of a Visual 8 Reading Arguments Critically 8.

1 The Elements of Argument 8.2 Claims 8.3 Evidence 8.4 Reliability 8.5 Assumptions 8.6 Language and Tone 8.7 Fallacies 8.8 Visual Arguments 9 Writing an Argument 9.

1 Subject 9.2 Thesis, Purpose, and Audience 9.3 Reasoning 9.4 Evidence 9.5 Engaging Readers 9.6 Organizing and Revising 9.7 Sample Argument Sample Proposal Argument 10 Taking Essay Exams 10.1 Preparing 10.

2 Planning 10.3 Writing Sample Essay Exam Answer 11 Public Writing 11.1 Social Media 11.2 Letters and Memos Sample Business Letter Sample Memo 11.3 Job Applications Sample Job Application Letter Sample Résumés 11.4 Reports and Proposals Sample Report and Proposal 11.5 Community Service Sample Social-Media Post III. Grammatical Sentences 12 Understanding Sentence Grammar 12.

1 Sentence Basics 12.2 Sentence Patterns 12.3 Single-Word Modifiers 12.4 Word Groups 12.5 Compound Constructions 12.6 Inverted Order 12.7 Sentence Types 13 Case of Nouns and Pronouns 13.1 Subjective, Objective, and Possessive Cases 13.

2 Compound Subjects and Objects 13.3 Common Questions about Case 14 Verbs 14.1 Verb Forms 14.2 Easily Confused Verb Forms 14.3 Verb Endings 14.4 Helping Verbs 14.5 Verbs with Gerunds and Infinitives 14.6 Verbs with Particles 14.

7 Verb Tenses 14.8 Sequence of Tenses 14.9 Subjunctive Mood 14.10 Active and Passive Voice 15 Agreement 15.1 Subject-Verb Agreement 15.2 Unusual Word Order 15.3 Subjects Joined by Conjunctions 15.4 Indefinite and Relative Pronouns 15.

5 Collective and Plural Nouns 15.6 Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 16 Adjectives and Adverbs 16.1 Functions of Adjectives and Adverbs 16.2 Comparative and Superlative Forms 16.3 Double Negatives 16.4 Nouns as Modifiers 16.5 Determiners IV. Clear Sentences 17 Sentence Fragments 17.

1 Identifying Fragments 17.2 Correcting Fragments 17.3 Common Types of Fragments 17.4 Acceptable Fragments 18 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences 18.1 Identifying Comma Splices and Fused Sentences 18.2 Correcting Comma Splices and Fused Sentences 19 Pronoun Reference 19.1 Clear Reference 19.2 Close Reference 19.

3 Specific Reference 19.4 Appropriate You, Who, Which, and That 20 Shifts 20.1 Types of Shifts 20.2 Person and Number 20.3 Tense and Mood 20.4 Subject and Voice 20.5 Direct and Indirect Quotations and Questions 21 Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 21.1 Clear Placement 21.

2 Limiting Modifiers 21.3 Squinting Modifiers 21.4 Separated Subjects, Verbs, and Objects 21.5 Separated Infinitives and Verb Phrases 21.6 Position of Adverbs