List of Contributors xvii Preface xix About the Book xxi Section I New Technologies and Insights into Petroleum Exploration 1 1 Gas Seepage in Marginal Structures as Additional Shallow and Deep Hydrocarbon Systems Indicator (Some of Recent FR Scanning Results) 3 Valery Soloviev, Mykola Yakymchuk, Ignat Korchagin 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 General Principles and Methods 4 1.3 Gas Fluids as Additional Hydrocarbon Processes Indicator in Some Continental Margin Structures 4 1.3.1 Seepage Areas in the Central West Greenland Margin 5 1.3.2 Spitsbergen, Isfjorden Area 7 1.

3.3 Area of Prince Karls Forland Island 9 1.3.4 Barents Sea areas 10 1.3.5 Northern Norwegian Barents Sea, Sentralbanken High Area 10 1.3.6 Borealis and Håkon Mosby Mud Volcanoes 10 1.

3.6.1 Borealis Mud Volcano 10 1.3.6.2 The Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano 12 1.3.7 The North Sea Area 13 1.

3.7.1 Well 6508/1-3 (SP3, Figure 1.8) 13 1.3.7.2 Well 16/5-7 (SP4, Figure 1.8) 13 1.

3.7.3 Well 32/4-3 S (SP5, Figure 1.8) 14 1.3.7.4 Local Glengorm Well Drilling Site (SP21, Figure 1.8) 14 1.

3.7.5 Nyegga Pockmarks (SP15, Figure 1.8) 14 1.3.7.6 The Area of the Emergency Well 2/4-14 (SP1, Figure 1.8) 15 1.

3.7.7 Seepage Fields at the "Berta" Area (SP19, Figure 1.8) 16 1.3.7.8 Scanner Structure (SP16, Figure 1.8) 18 1.

3.7.9 Pockmark Field in the Gulf of Patras, Ionian Sea 19 1.3.7.10 Some SP Scanning Results in the Black Sea 21 1.4 Conclusions 24 Author Contributions 24 Conflict of Interests 25 References 25 2 The Role of the LVZ and of Increased Seismicity in the Localization of Abiogenic HC in the Crystalline Crust of Transcarpathia 29 Valeriy Korchin, Elena Karnaukhova 2.1 Introduction 29 2.

2 Basic Principles of Petrophysical Thermobaric Modeling 30 2.3 Influence of -Regimes on the Elastic Characteristics and Density of Rocks 30 2.4 The LVZs in the Crystalline Crust as Zones of Increased Porosity of Mineral Matter 34 2.5 A Comparison of Experimental Data and Geophysical Observations 36 2.6 Geological Interpretation of the PTBM Results 37 2.7 The Nature of LVZ along the DSS Profile (RP-17) Using the PTBM Methodology 39 2.8 Elastic Characteristics of the Mineral Substance along the DSS Profile (RP-17) 42 2.9 Conclusions 44 References 45 3 Precambrian Mid-Continent Rift Potential for Hosting Numerous Helium and Hydrogen Accumulations, Central USA 49 Steven A.

Tedesco 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 The Formation of the Mid-Continent Rift System 51 3.3 Geology 52 3.4 Wells of Interest 57 3.5 Trap and Seal 59 3.5.1 Source Rocks 60 3.

6 Gravity/Magnetics 61 3.7 Seismic 62 3.8 Oil and Gas Exploration and Production 64 3.9 Iron and Base Metals 65 3.10 Impact Craters 65 3.11 Helium 65 3.12 Hydrogen 67 3.13 Summary 70 References 70 4 Production from Desmoinesian and Atokan Age Coalbed Methane and Carbonaceous Mudstone and Their Relationship to Structure and Geologic History of the Cherokee Basin, Kansas and Oklahoma, USA 73 Steven A.

Tedesco 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Geology 75 4.2.1 Desorption, Adsorption, and Proximate Analysis 78 4.3 Production 79 4.4 Drilling and Completion Methods 84 4.5 Jefferson-Sycamore Area 85 4.

6 Discussion 91 References 97 5 Geophysical Research and Monitoring Within the Framework of a Block-Layered Model with Inclusions of a Hierarchical Structure 99 Olga Hachay, Andrey Khachay 5.1 Review 99 5.2 Conclusions 102 References 102 Section II Reservoir Characterization Concepts and Workflows 105 6 A Review on Shear Wave Velocity Estimation Methods 107 Said Gaci, Mohammed Farfour 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Empirical Relationships for Estimating S-Wave Velocity 108 6.3 Intelligent Systems for Estimating S-Wave Velocity 111 6.4 Rock Physics Models for Estimating S-Wave Velocity 113 6.5 Example 116 6.

6 Conclusions 119 References 119 7 Geomechanics in Petroleum Exploration, Development, and Energy Transition 125 Ghoulem Ifrene, Kuldeep Singh 7.1 Introduction 125 7.2 Role of Geomechanics in Exploration and Development 126 7.2.1 Formation Pressure Prediction 127 7.2.2 Wellbore Stability Analysis 128 7.2.

3 Tensile Fracture Initiation Mechanisms 129 7.3 Enhancing Reservoir Performance Through Geomechanics 130 7.3.1 Performance Evaluation of Fractured Reservoirs 130 7.4 Predictive Analyses and Production Optimization 131 7.4.1 Sand Production Mechanism Analysis 131 7.4.

2 Early Warning of Casing Failure 133 7.5 Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Geomechanics 134 7.5.1 Shale Gas and Shale Oil 134 7.5.2 Heavy Oil Sands 136 7.5.3 Gas Hydrates 137 7.

6 Geomechanics in Geological Carbon Storage 140 7.6.1 Importance and Challenges 140 7.6.2 Potential for Fault Reactivation and Induced Seismicity 142 7.6.3 Numerical Modeling for Site Suitability and Injection Parameters 145 7.7 Geomechanics of Hydrogen Storage and Production 145 7.

7.1 Geomechanical Properties of Hydrogen Storage Reservoirs 146 7.7.2 Stress and Strain Considerations During Hydrogen Storage 147 7.7.3 Geomechanical Modeling of Hydrogen Injection and Storage 148 7.7.4 Current Challenges and Future Directions 148 7.

8 Conclusions 149 References 150 8 Size Scaling and Spatial Clustering of Natural Fracture Networks Using Fractal Analysis 161 Sofiane Djezzar, Aldjia Boualam 8.1 Introduction 161 8.2 Geological Settings 162 8.3 Methods and Approaches 163 8.4 Fractal Analysis 164 8.4.1 First Approach 164 8.4.

2 Second Approach 165 8.4.2.1 The Basement Formation 167 8.4.2.2 The Ajjers Formation 170 8.4.

2.3 In-Tahouite Formation 170 8.4.2.4 Tamadjert Formation 174 8.4.3 The Third Approach 175 8.4.

4 The Fourth Approach 175 8.5 Conclusions 178 References 182 9 Application of Seismic Attributes on Digital Elevation Model: Fractures Detection and Reservoir Implication 185 Sofiane Djezzar, Aldjia Boualam 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Problematic 186 9.3 Workflow and Methodology 187 9.4 Fault Detection Techniques 190 9.5 Fault Analysis 191 9.5.

1 Major Faults Analysis 192 9.5.2 Minor Faults Analysis 193 9.6 Fracture Intensity and Density Analysis 196 9.7 Fracture Connectivity, Permeability, and Wavelet Analysis 197 9.8 Discussion 199 9.9 Conclusions 200 References 201 10 Structural Analysis and Fracture Kinematics Using Seismic 2D and Geological Maps 205 Sofiane Djezzar, Aldjia Boualam 10.1 Introduction 205 10.

2 Material and Methods 206 10.3 Geological Settings 207 10.4 Gravity Data 208 10.5 Structural Analysis 210 10.6 Seismic Data Analysis 212 10.7 Fault Analysis 216 10.8 Conclusions 217 References 218 11 A New Method for Reservoir Fracture Characterization and Modeling Using Surface Analog 221 Sofiane Djezzar, Aldjia Boualam 11.1 Introduction 221 11.

2 Methodology 222 11.3 Geological Background 223 11.4 Material and Methods 224 11.5 Data Analysis 225 11.6 3D Fracture Models 232 11.7 Discussion and Conclusions 233 References 235 12 An Integrated Workflow for Multiscale Fracture Analysis in Reservoir Analog 237 Sofiane Djezzar, Aldjia Boualam 12.1 Introduction 237 12.2 Geological Background 238 12.

3 Material and Method 240 12.4 Fracture Characterization 241 12.4.1 Detection of Major Faults 243 12.4.2 Detection of Minor Faults 244 12.4.2.

1 Basement Formation 244 12.4.2.2 Ajjers Formation 245 12.4.2.3 In-Tahouite Formation 245 12.4.

2.4 Tamadjert Formation 246 12.5 Fracture Analysis 246 12.6 Fractal Analysis 248 12.7 3D Fault Models 249 12.8 Discussion 249 12.9 Conclusions 251 References 251 Section III Artificial Intelligence Applied to Reservoir Characterization 257 13 Exploring the Depths: Satellite Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence in the Oil and Gas Industry 259 Hasna Yazid, Said Gaci 13.1 Introduction 259 13.

2 Overview of Satellite Technology 260 13.2.1 Definition and Basic Principles 260 13.2.2 Types of Satellites 260 13.2.2.1 Geostationary Satellites 260 13.

2.2.2 Polar Orbiting Satellites 260 13.2.2.3 Low Earth Orbit Satellites 260 13.2.3 Sensors and Data Products 261 13.

2.3.1 Optical Sensors 261 13.2.3.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar Sensors 261 13.2.3.

3 Thermal Infrared Sensors 261 13.2.3.4 Hyperspectral Sensors 261 13.3 Evolution of Satellite Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry 261 13.4 Satellite Image Processing Techniques 262 13.4.1 Preprocessing and Image Enhancement 262 13.

4.1.1 Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections 263 13.4.1.2 Geometric Corrections 263 13.4.2 Feature Extraction and Analysis 263 13.

4.2.1 Texture Analysis 263 13.4.2.2 Object-Based Image Analysis 263 13.4.3 Classification Algorithms 263 13.