Chapter 1. Biological Removal of Micropollutants 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Micropollutant origin 2 1.2.1.

Trace metal elements (TMEs) 2 1.2.2. Organic trace compounds (OTCs) 3 1.3. Mechanisms governing the fate of micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants 12 1.3.1.

Molecular characteristics of micropollutants 15 1.3.2. Micropollutant removal mechanisms 15 1.4. Effectiveness of biological treatments 31 1.4.1.

Organic micropollutants 32 1.4.2. Activated sludge 39 1.5. Biological removal of micropollutants using hybrid systems 40 1.5.1.

Impact of effluent recirculation 44 1.6. Conclusion 46 1.7. References 47 Chapter 2. Lagoons and Oxidation Lagoons. 57 2.1.

Description 58 2.1.1. Aerated lagoons 59 2.1.2. Anaerobic lagoons 61 2.1.

3. Facultative lagoons 63 2.2. Design 67 2.2.1. Components of a lagoon system 68 2.2.

2. Lagoon aeration 70 2.2.3. Performance 71 2.3. Lagoon sizing 71 2.3.

1. Applied load 72 2.3.2. Removal of BOD5. 73 2.3.3.

Retention time 95 2.3.4. Ammonia removal from facultative lagoons 95 2.3.5. Light 99 2.3.

6. Microbial decontamination 99 2.4. Construction of oxidation lagoons 100 2.4.1. Implementation 100 2.4.

2. Sizing and equipment 100 2.4.3. Influence of temperature 101 2.4.4. Lagoon aeration 102 2.

4.5. Secondary settling 103 2.4.6. Exploitation 103 2.5. Conclusion 104 2.

6. References 105 Chapter 3. Sludge Thickening 111 3.1. Origin and characteristics of sludge 111 3.1.1. Primary sludge 111 3.

1.2. Biological sludge 112 3.2. Principle of sludge thickening 113 3.3. Gravity thickening 114 3.3.

1. Thickener surface area 116 3.3.2. Determining the applied load 117 3.3.3. Mass loading rate (kg.

m-2.d-1) 121 3.3.4. Total height of a gravity thickener 122 3.4. Lamellar thickening 123 3.4.

1. Thickener surface area 125 3.4.2. Sludge layer height 125 3.4.3. Retention time 125 3.

4.4. Harrowing 125 3.4.5. Removal of thickened sludge 125 3.4.6.

Storage of thickened sludge 126 3.4.7. Discharge of clarified water 126 3.4.8. Laminar cross-sectional layout 126 3.5.

Flotation thickening 128 3.5.1. Principle 128 3.5.2. Direct flotation 129 3.5.

3. Indirect flotation 130 3.5.4. Determining the size of a flotation vessel 134 3.5.5. Operating parameters 135 3.

5.6. Modeling the efficiency of a flotation vessel as a function of load 136 3.6. Comparison of conventional gravity thickeners and flotation thickeners 137 3.7. Dewatering table 138 3.8.

Conclusion 140 3.9. References 141 Chapter 4. Sludge Treatment 143 4.1. Sludge origin 143 4.2. Sludge quality 144 4.

3. Composition of the sludge 144 4.3.1. General characteristics 145 4.3.2. Specific characteristics of the sludge 148 4.

4. Treatments 152 4.4.1. Thickening 153 4.4.2. Centrifugation 153 4.

4.3. Mechanical dewatering 157 4.4.4. Sludge drying 172 4.4.5.

Stabilization and sanitization 197 4.4.6. Comparison between the various processes 214 4.4.7. Chemical stabilization 216 4.5.

Sludge reuse 219 4.5.1. Energy recovery 219 4.5.2. Other byproducts of sludge recovery 231 4.5.

3. Conclusions on reuse 238 4.6. Conclusion 240 4.7. References 240 Chapter 5. Odor Treatment 247 5.1.

General summary 247 5.2. Choice of deodorization process 251 5.3. Strategies for the biological removal of odorous products 253 5.3.1. Physicochemical treatment 254 5.

3.2. Biological treatment 264 5.4. References 286 Index 289.