MapsFiguresPrefaceAcknowledgmentsNotes to the Reader1. Early ItalyItaly and the Mediterranean WorldItaly Before the CityThe Iron Age in Etruria, Latium, and CampaniaGreeks and Phoenicians in the Central MediterraneanThe Rise of CitiesBeginning of WritingAppearance of an EliteCities and Monumental ArchitectureWarfare in the Orientalizing and Archaic PeriodsSocial and Economic OrganizationEtruscans and Greeks2. Rome''s First CenturiesEmergence of an Urban CommunityThe Romans and Their Early HistoryTable 2.1. Dates of Rome''s Kings According to VarroBox 2.1. Romulus Founds Rome (Plutarch)Rome Under the KingsRome and the LatinsThe Early RepublicBeginning of the RepublicRome and Its Neighbors in the Fifth CenturyStruggle of the Orders3. Rome and Italy in the Fourth CenturyFall of Veii and the Sack of RomeThe City and Its Institutions in the Fourth CenturyOfficialsSenateAssemblies of CitizensTable 3.

1 Roman AssembliesThe City, Its Gods, and Its PriestsBox 3.1. The Roman Games (Dionysius of Halicarnassus)Roman Dominance in ItalyWarfare and the Civic OrderRome in Latium and CampaniaWar and the Roman State4. The Beginnings of a Mediterranean EmpireThe Nobility and the City of RomeBox 4.1 Triumph of Scipio Africanus (Appian)Wars with CarthageFirst Punic War (264-241)Second Punic War (218-201)Box 4.2 Romans Vow a "Sacred Spring" (Livy)A Mediterranean EmpireGovernors, Provinces, and EmpireSpainGreece and Asia MinorBox 4.3 Slave Trade on Delos (Strabo) North Africa5. Italy and EmpireSenators, Officials, and Citizen AssembliesItaly and the Consequences of EmpireChanging Relations Between Rome, Its Municipia, and AlliesRoman and Italian ElitesBox 5.

1 Scipio Africanus'' Army Loots Carthago Nova (Polybius)Demographic and Economic ChangesRoman Politics from the Mid-Second CenturyScipio AemilianusTiberius GracchusGaius Gracchus6. Italy Threatened, Enfranchised, DividedWar with Jugurtha (112-105)Italy Threatened from the North (113-101)Changes in the Roman ArmyMarius'' Career in Roman PoliticsBox 6.1 Marius'' Bid for the Consulship (Sallust)Sixth Consulship of Marius and Second Tribunate of Saturninus (100)Administration of the ProvincesTribunate of Livius Drusus (91)Social War (91-87)Tribunate of Sulpicius Rufus (88)Sulla''s First March on Rome (88)Cinna''s Rule (87-84)Sulla''s Second March on Rome (83-82)7. The Domination of Sulla and Its LegacySulla''s Proscriptions (82-81)Sulla the Dictator and His Program (82-81)Verdicts on Sulla''s ProgramBox 7.1. Cicero''s Defense of Sextus RosciusLepidus'' Rising and Its Aftermath (78-77)Challenge from Sertorius in Spain (80-73)Spartacus'' Slave Revolt (73-71)Consulship of Crassus and Pompey (70)Roman WomenPompey Frees the Mediterranean of Pirates (67)Threat from King Mithridates VI of PontusSulla''s Campaign Against Mithridates (87-85)Lucullus'' Struggle with Mithridates (74-67)Pompey''s Defeat of Mithridates (66-63)Roles of Crassus and Cicero in Rome (65-63)Catiline''s Rising (63-62)8. End of the Republic: Caesar''s DictatorshipPompey''s Return from the East (62)Pompey and Political Stalemate in RomePartnership of Pompey, Crassus, and CaesarCaesar''s First Consulship (59)Clodius'' Tribunate (58)Cicero''s Recall and the Renewal of the Triumvirate (57-56)Caesar''s Campaigns in Gaul (58-51)Death of Clodius and Pompey''s Sole Consulship (52)Prospect of Civil War (51-49)Causes and Consequences of Caesar Crossing the Rubicon (January 49)Civil War Campaigns (49-45)Caesar''s Activity as Dictator (49-44)Caesar''s Impact upon the City of RomePolitical Prospects for Rome and for Caesar9. Augustus and the Transformation of the Roman WorldReactions to the Assassination of Caesar (44-43)Emergence of a Second Triumvirate (43)Battle of Philippi (42)Perusine War (41-40)Elimination of Sextus Pompey and Lepidus (39-36)Box 9.

1. Laudatio TuriaeAntony in the East (42 Onwards)Clash Between Antony and Octavian (36-30)Octavian as Sole Ruler (30 Onwards)"The Republic Restored"Second Settlement (23)SuccessionTable 9.1. The Julio-Claudian FamilySenate and EquitesArmyBox 9.2. Oath of LoyaltyThe Empire and Its ExpansionCity of RomeAttitudes Outside RomeAugustus: Final Assessment10. The Early Principate (A.D.

14-69): The Julio-Claudians, the Civil War of 68-69, and Life in the Early EmpireThe Julio-Claudian Emperors: Civil Government and Military ConcernsTiberius (14-37)Gaius (Caligula) 37-41Claudius (41-54)Nero (54-68)Civil War in 68-69Economic and Social Change: Army"Beneficial Ideology"Cities and ProvincesDiversity: Women, Local Languages, and CultureReligious Practices and PrinciplesImperial Cult11. Institutionalization of the Principate: Military Expansion and Its Limits, the Empire and the Provinces (69-138)Institutionalization of the PrincipateVespasian (69-79)Titus (79-81)Domitian (81-96)A New, Better Era?Nerva (96-98)Trajan (98-117)Table 11.1. The Antonine FamilyHadrian (117-138)Box 11.1. Hadrian Inspects Troops at LambaesisRoman Cities and the Empire''s PeoplesTheaters and ProcessionsCircuses and Chariot RacingThe Amphitheater and Gladiatorial GamesOther Urban Amenities, Education12. Italy and the Provinces: Civil and Military Affairs (138-235)Antoninus Pius (138-161)Box 12.1.

A Greek Provincial Praises Roman CitizenshipMarcus Aurelius (161-180) and Lucius Verus (161-169)Commodus (176-192, Sole Augustus after 180)Table 12.1. The Severan FamilySeptimius Severus (193-211)Caracalla (198-217, Sole Augustus after 211)Macrinus (217-218)Elagabalus (218-222)Severus Alexander (222-235)Roman LawRoman CitizenshipBox 12.2. Grant of Roman Citizenship (Tabula Banasitana)Rome and ChristianityBox 12.3. Pliny, Trajan, and Christians13. The Third Century and Fourth Centuries: Changes and ContinuitiesMid-Third CenturyAttempts at Recovery: Aurelian (270-275) and Dicoletian and the Tetrarchy (284-305)Administrative, Military, and Religious Reforms of the Dominate (293-305)Dissolution of the Tetrarchy (305-313) and the Rise of Constantine (306-324)Constantine and the EmpireCultural Aspects of the Fourth CenturyPolitical and Military ChangesTimelineGlossaryArt CreditsIndexGazetteer.