MapsFiguresPrefaceAcknowledgmentsNotes to the Reader1. Early ItalyItaly and the Mediterranean WorldThe EvidenceItaly Before the CityThe Iron Age in Etruria, Latium, and CampaniaGreeks and Phoenicians in the Central Mediterranean: The Rise of CitiesBeginning of Writing: Appearance of an Elite: Cities and Monumental Architecture: Warfare in the Orientalizing and Archaic Periods: Social and Economic Organization: Greeks and EtruscansGreek Cities of Southern Italy and Sicily: Etruscans: 2. Rome''s First CenturiesEmergence of an Urban CommunityThe Romans and Their Early HistoryTable 2.1 Dates of Rome''s Kings According to Varro: Box 2.1 Plutarch, Romulus 11Rome Under the KingsRome and the LatinsThe Early RepublicBeginning of the Republic: Rome and Its Neighbors in the Fifth Century: Struggle of the Orders: 3. Rome and Italy in the Fourth CenturyFall of Veii and the Sack of RomeThe City and Its Institutions in the Fourth CenturyOfficials: Senate: Assemblies of Citizens: Box 3.1 Servius Tullius'' Creation of the Census (Livy)Table 3.1 Roman Assemblies: The City, Its Gods, and Its Priests: Box 3.

2 The Roman Games (Dionysius of Halicarnassus): Rome and Central ItalyWarfare and the Civic Order: Rome in Latium and Campania: Samnite Wars: Expansion of Roman Hegemony in ItalyWars in Central and Northern Italy: Conquest of the South: War and the Roman State4. The Beginnings of a Mediterranean EmpireSourcesThe Nobility and the City of RomeBox 4.1 Triumph of Scipio Africanus (Appian): Wars with CarthageFirst Punic War (264-241): Second Punic War (218-201): Box 4.2 Romans'' Vow of 217 (Livy): A Mediterranean EmpireGovernors, Provinces, and Empire: Spain: Greece and Asia Minor: Box 4.3 Slave Trade on Delos (Strabo): North Africa: 5. Italy and EmpireSenators, Officials, and Citizen AssembliesItaly and the Consequences of EmpireChanging Relations Between Rome, Its Municipia, and AlliesRoman and Italian Elites: Box 5.1 Scipio Africanus'' Army Loots Carthago Nova (Polybius and Livy): Demographic and Economic Changes: Roman Politics from the Mid-Second CenturyScipio Aemilianus: Tiberius Gracchus: Box 5.2 The Background to Tiberius Gracchus'' Land Proposal (Appian): Gaius Gracchus: 6.

Italy Threatened, Enfranchised, DividedWar with Jugurtha (112-105)Italy Threatened from the North (113-101)Changes in the Roman ArmyMarius'' Career in Roman PoliticsBox 6.1 Marius'' Bid for the Consulship (Sallust): Sixth Consulship of Marius and Second Tribunate of Saturninus (100)Administration of the ProvincesTribunate of Livius Drusus (91)Social War (91-87)Tribunate of Sulpicius Rufus (88)Sulla''s First March on Rome (88)Cinna''s Rule (87-84)Sulla''s Second March on Rome (83-82)7. The Domination of Sulla and Its LegacySulla''s Proscriptions (82-81)Sulla the Dictator and His Program (82-81)Senate: Tribunate: Equites, CourtsCitizens: Governors: Verdicts on Sulla''s ProgramBox 7.1 Cicero''s Defense of Sextus Roscius: Lepidus'' Rising and Its Aftermath (78-77)Challenge from Sertorius in Spain (80-73)Box 7.2 Pompey''s Letter from Spain (Sallust): Spartacus'' Slave Revolt (73-71)Consulship of Crassus and Pompey (70)Roman WomenPompey Frees the Mediterranean of Pirates (67)Threat from King Mithridates VI of PontusSulla''s Campaign Against Mithridates (87-85)Lucullus'' Struggle with Mithridates (74-67)Pompey''s Defeat of Mithridates (66-63)Roles of Crassus and Cicero in Rome (65-63)Catiline''s Rising (63-62)8. End of the Republic: Caesar''s DictatorshipSourcesPompey''s Return from the East (62)Pompey and Political Stalemate in RomePartnership of Pompey, Crassus, and CaesarCaesar''s First Consulship (59)Clodius'' Tribunate (58)Cicero''s Recall and the Renewal of the Triumvirate (57-56)Caesar''s Campaigns in Gaul (58-51)Death of Clodius and Pompey''s Sole Consulship (52)Prospect of Civil War (51-49)Causes and Consequences of Caesar Crossing the Rubicon (January 49)Cicero''s Governorship of Cilicia (51-50)Civil War Campaigns (49-45)Caesar''s Activity as Dictator (49-44)Caesar''s Impact upon the City of RomePolitical Prospects for Rome, and for Caesar9. Augustus and the Transformation of the Roman WorldReactions to the Assassination of Caesar (44-43)Emergence of a Second Triumvirate (43)Battle of Philippi (42)Box 9.1 Laudatio Turiae: Perusine War (41-40)Elimination of Sextus Pompey and Lepidus (39-36)Antony in the East (42 onwards)Clash Between Antony and Octavian (36-30)Octavian as Sole Ruler (30 Onwards)"The Republic Restored"Second Settlement (23)Latin Literature in the Late Republic and Augustan AgeSuccessionTable 9.

1 The Julio-Claudian Family: Senate and EquitesArmyThe Empire and Its ExpansionBox 9.2 Oath of Loyalty: City of RomeAttitudes Outside RomeRes Gestae of AugustusAugustus: Final Assessment10. The Early Principate (A.D. 14-69): The Julio-Claudians, the Civil War of 68-69, and Life in the Early EmpireSourcesThe Julio-Claudian Emperors: Civil Government and Military ConcernsTiberius (14-37)Box 10.1 Senatorial Decree Concerning the Elder Gnaeus Piso: Gaius (Caligula) 37-41Claudius (41-54)Box 10.2 Claudius'' Speech on the Admission of Gauls to the Senate: Nero (54-68)Civil War in 68-69Economic and Social ChangeArmyEconomyIntellectual Life"Beneficial Ideology"Cities and ProvincesDiversity: Women, Local Languages, and CultureReligious Practices and PrinciplesImperial Cult11. Institutionalization of the Principate: Military Expansion and Its Limits, the Empire and the Provinces (69-138)SourcesInstitutionalization of the PrincipateVespasian (69-79)Titus (79-81)Domitian (81-96)A New, Better Era?Nerva (96-98)Trajan (98-117)Hadrian (117-138)Table 11.

1 The Antonine Family: Box 11.1 Hadrian Inspects Troops at Lambaesis, Numidia: Roman Cities and the Empire''s PeoplesTheaters and ProcessionsCircuses and Chariot RacingThe Amphitheater, and Gladiatorial GamesOther Urban AmenitiesEducationState Religion and Imperial Cult12. Italy and the Provinces: Civil and Military Affairs (138-235)SourcesAntoninus Pius (138-161)Marcus Aurelius (161-180) and Lucius Verus (161-169)Box 12.1 A Greek Provincial Praises Roman Citizenship: Box 12.2 Morbidity and Mortality in the Roman Empire: Commodus (176-192, Sole Augustus after 180)Septimius Severus (193-211)Table 12.1 The Severan Family: Box 12.3 Deification Ceremonies for Pertinax in Septimius Severus'' Rome: Caracalla (198-217, Sole Augustus after 211)Macrinus (217-218)Elagabalus (218-222)Severus Alexander (222-235)Roman LawRoman CitizenshipBox 12.4 Grant of Roman Citizenship (Tabula Banasitana)Rome and ChristianityBox 12.

5 Pliny, Trajan, and Christians: 13. The Third Century, the Dominate, and ConstantineSourcesMid-Third CenturyAurelian (270-275)Dicoletian, the Tetrarchy, and the Dominate (284-305)Box 13.1 The Tetrarchs Introduce their Edict on Maximum Prices: Dissolution of the Tetrarchy (305-313), and the Rise of Constantine (306-324)Box 13.2 Galerius'' Edict of Toleration (Lactantius): Constantine and the EmpireTimelineGlossaryPrincipal Ancient AuthorsArt CreditsIndexGazetteer.