Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Judgment Data in Linguistic Research 1. Introduction 2. Judgment Data in Linguistics 2.1 Terminology and underlying constructs: Grammaticality and acceptability. 2.2. Usefulness of judgment data. 2.

3. Reliability. 2.4. Disconnects. 2.5. Rigor in research methods.

2.6. In defense of acceptability judgments. 2.7. Gradience of linguistic data. 2.8.

Who are judgments collected from? 2.9. Acceptability judgments as performance: Confounding variables. 3. Conclusion Chapter 2: Judgment data in L2 research: Historical and theoretical perspectives 1. Introduction 2. Judgment Data in Second Language Research 2.1.

Grammaticality versus acceptability judgments. 2.2. L2 versus L1 Knowledge. 3. L2 Judgment Data: A Brief history 3.1. The value of judgment data.

3.3. The comparative fallacy. 3.4. Use as sole measure or one of many. 3.5.

Judgment data and empirical research. 4. What Knowledge is Being Measured? 4.1. Measuring knowledge of form. 4.2. Implicit and Explicit Knowledge.

5. What are Judgment Tasks Used for? 6. Intervening Variables 7. Conclusion Chapter 3: Uses of judgments in L2 research Introduction Frameworks 2.1. Formal approaches. 2.2.

Usage-based Approaches. 2.3. Skill acquisition theory. 2.4. Input processing/processing instruction. 2.

5. Processability theory. 2.6. Interactionist approaches. 2.7. Sociocultural theory.

3. Knowledge Types 3.1. Implicit and explicit knowledge. 3.2. Procedural/declarative knowledge. 4.

Specific Constructs 4.1. Critical/sensitive period. 4.2. Working memory. 5. Additional Research Areas 5.

1. Neurolinguistic processing. 5.2. Neurocognitive disorders. 5.3. Pragmatics.

6. What languages have been used? 7. Proficiency levels 8. Conclusion Chapter 4: A guide to using judgment tasks in L2 research 1. Introduction 2. Design Features 2.1. Total number of sentences to be judged.

2.2. Number of grammatical and ungrammatical tokens per grammatical form/structure. 2.3. Target and non-target stimuli. 2.4.

Instructions and practice items. 2.5. Constructing grammatical and ungrammatical pairs. 2.6. Randomization. 2.

7. Ratings and scales. 2.8. Gradience of judgments: Alternative approaches. 2.8.1.

Using lines. 2.8.2. Magnitude estimation. 2.9. Confidence ratings and source ratings.

2.10. Identifying and correcting errors. 2.11. Modality 2.12. Time limits.

2.13. Participants. 2.14. Sentences in context. Other Considerations 3.1 Age.

3.2 Complexity. 3.3 Proficiency level. 4. Data Sharing 5. Conclusion Chapter 5: Variations on judgment tasks Introduction Interpretation Tasks 3. Pragmatic Tasks 4.

Preference Tasks 5. Error Correction Tasks 6. Multiple-Choice Tasks 7. Judgment Tasks in Combination with Psycholinguistic and Neurolinguistic Measures 8. Many Task Types in One 9. Conclusion Chapter 6: Analyzing judgment Data Introduction Cleaning the data 2.1. Stimuli 2.

2. Participants 2.3. Reliability 3. Scoring responses to binary and scalar judgments 3.1. Binary judgments 3.2.

Scalar responses Scoring corrections 5. Basic inferential statistics with judgment data Descriptive statistics 5.2 Comparisons between groups: t -tests and ANOVAs 5.3. Effect sizes 5.4 Regressions 5.5 Mixed-effects models 6. Reporting individual results 7.

Facets 8. Analyzing Likert scale data: z -scores 9. Binary judgments: d- prime scores 10. Analyzing magnitude estimation scores 11. Using response time data 12. Using judgment data results in conjunction with other measures 13. Conclusion : Historical and theoretical perspectives 1. Introduction 2.

Judgment Data in Second Language Research 2.1. Grammaticality versus acceptability judgments. 2.2. L2 versus L1 Knowledge. 3. L2 Judgment Data: A Brief history 3.

1. The value of judgment data. 3.3. The comparative fallacy. 3.4. Use as sole measure or one of many.

3.5. Judgment data and empirical research. 4. What Knowledge is Being Measured? 4.1. Measuring knowledge of form. 4.

2. Implicit and Explicit Knowledge. 5. What are Judgment Tasks Used for? 6. Intervening Variables 7. Conclusion Chapter 3: Uses of judgments in L2 research Introduction Frameworks 2.1. Formal approaches.

2.2. Usage-based Approaches. 2.3. Skill acquisition theory. 2.4.

Input processing/processing instruction. 2.5. Processability theory. 2.6. Interactionist approaches. 2.

7. Sociocultural theory. 3. Knowledge Types 3.1. Implicit and explicit knowledge. 3.2.

Procedural/declarative knowledge. 4. Specific Constructs 4.1. Critical/sensitive period. 4.2. Working memory.

5. Additional Research Areas 5.1. Neurolinguistic processing. 5.2. Neurocognitive disorders. 5.

3. Pragmatics. 6. What languages have been used? 7. Proficiency levels 8. Conclusion Chapter 4: A guide to using judgment tasks in L2 research 1. Introduction 2. Design Features 2.

1. Total number of sentences to be judged. 2.2. Number of grammatical and ungrammatical tokens per grammatical form/structure. 2.3. Target and non-target stimuli.

2.4. Instructions and practice items. 2.5. Constructing grammatical and ungrammatical pairs. 2.6.

Randomization. 2.7. Ratings and scales. 2.8. Gradience of judgments: Alternative approaches. 2.

8.1. Using lines. 2.8.2. Magnitude estimation. 2.

9. Confidence ratings and source ratings. 2.10. Identifying and correcting errors. 2.11. Modality 2.

12. Time limits. 2.13. Participants. 2.14. Sentences in context.

Other Considerations 3.1 Age. 3.2 Complexity. 3.3 Proficiency level. 4. Data Sharing 5.

Conclusion Chapter 5: Variations on judgment tasks Introduction Interpretation Tasks 3. Pragmatic Tasks 4. Preference Tasks 5. Error Correction Tasks 6. Multiple-Choice Tasks 7. Judgment Tasks in Combination with Psycholinguistic and Neurolinguistic Measures 8. Many Task Types in One 9. Conclusion Chapter 6: Analyzing judgment Data Introduction Cleaning the data 2.

1. Stimuli 2.2. Participants 2.3. Reliability 3. Scoring responses to binary and scalar judgments 3.1.

Binary judgments 3.2. Scalar responses Scoring corrections 5. Basic inferential statistics with judgment data Descriptive statistics 5.2 Comparisons between groups: t -tests and ANOVAs 5.3. Effect sizes 5.4 Regressions 5.

5 Mixed-effects models 6. Reporting individual results 7. Facets 8. Analyzing Likert scale data: z -scores 9. Binary judgments: d- prime scores 10. Analyzing magnitude estimation scores 11. Using response time data 12. Using judgment data results in conjunction with other measures 13.

Conclusion P> Frameworks 2.1. Formal approaches. 2.2. Usage-based Approaches. 2.3.

Skill acquisition theory. 2.4. Input processing/processing instruction. 2.5. Processability theory. 2.

6. Interactionist approaches. 2.7. Sociocultural theory. 3. Knowledge Types 3.1.

Implicit and explicit knowledge. 3.2. Procedural/declarative knowledge. 4. Specific Constructs 4.1. Critical/sensitive period.

4.2. Working memory. 5. Additional Research Areas 5.1. Neurolinguistic processing. 5.

2. Neurocognitive disorders. 5.3. Pragmatics. 6. What languages have been used? 7. Proficiency levels 8.

Conclusion Chapter 4: A guide to using judgment tasks in L2 research 1. Introduction 2. Design Features 2.1. Total number of sentences to be judged. 2.2. Number of grammatical and ungrammatical tokens per grammatical form/structure.

2.3. Target and non-target stimuli. 2.4. Instructions and practice items. 2.5.

Constructing grammatical and ungrammatical pairs. 2.6. Randomization. 2.7. Ratings and scales. 2.

8. Gradience of judgments: Alternative approaches. 2.8.1. Using lines. 2.8.

2. Magnitude estimation. 2.9. Confidence ratings and source ratings. 2.10. Identifying and correcting errors.

2.11. Modality 2.12. Time limits. 2.13. Participants.

2.14. Sentences in context. Other Considerations 3.1 Age. 3.2 Complexity. 3.

3 Proficiency level. 4. Data Sharing 5. Conclusion Chapter 5: Variations on judgm.