Preface Note to the Reader Note to the Instructor Acknowledgments About the Editors INTRODUCTION Simon Blackburn, What Is Philosophy? Simon Blackburn, The Elements of Logic I. RELIGION AND BELIEF Introduction A. TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST THE EXISTENCE OF GOD The Ontological Argument--and Replies Saint Anselm, The Ontological Argument Gaunilo, In Behalf of the Fool G.E. Moore, Is Existence a Predicate? William Rowe, Why the Ontological Argument Fails The Cosmological Argument, the Argument from Design--and Replies Richard Taylor, The Cosmological Argument William Paley, The Argument from Design Ernest Nagel, Does God Exist? The Problem of Evil--and Replies John Hick, The Problem of Evil Steven M. Cahn, The Problem of Goodness B. GROUNDS FOR BELIEF Blaise Pascal, The Wager W.K.
Clifford, The Ethics of Belief William James, The Will to Believe Robert McKim, The Hiddenness of God C. GOD AND SCIENCE: CONTEMPORARY DISCUSSIONS Nicholas Everitt, Theism and Modern Science II. MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY MORAL PHILOSOPHY Introduction A. THREE MAJOR ETHICAL THEORIES Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill, Selections from Utilitarianism J.J.C. Smart, Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism Bernard Williams, Utilitarianism, Integrity and Responsibility Deontology Immanuel Kant, Selections from Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals Onora O''Neill, A Simplified Account of Kant''s Ethics Virtue Ethics Aristotle, Selections from the Nicomachean Ethics Rosalind Hursthouse, Normative Virtue Ethics B. SOME APPLICATIONS Moral Duties to the Poor Peter Singer, Rich and Poor Garrett Hardin, Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor Thomas W.
Pogge, "Aiding" the Global Poor Vegetarianism and Animals Alastair Norcross, Puppies, Pigs, and People: Eating Meat and Marginal Cases Carl Cohen, A Critique of the Alleged Moral Basis of Vegetarianism C. PUZZLES AND CHALLENGES Puzzling Cases Judith Jarvis Thomson, The Trolley Problem Thomas Nagel, Moral Luck The Value of Morality Plato, "Glaucon''s Challenge" from The Republic Susan Wolf, Moral Saints The Universality of Morality James Rachels, Egoism and Moral Skepticism James Rachels, The Challenge of Cultural Relativism Morality and Social Science Jennifer Saul, Women''s "Different Voice" Cass R. Sunstein, Morality and Heuristics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Introduction D. JUSTICE, EQUALITY, AND THE STATE Thomas Hobbes, "Contract and Commonwealth" from Leviathan John Rawls, "Justice as Fairness" from A Theory of Justice Robert Nozick, "Distributive Justice" from Anarchy, State and Utopia E. JUST WAR George I. Mavrodes, Conventions and the Morality of War Robert K. Fullinwider, War and Innocence Lawrence A. Alexander, Self-Defense and the Killing of Non-Combatants: A Reply to Fullinwider III.
METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY KNOWLEDGE AND REALITY Introduction A. DEFINING "KNOWLEDGE" Plato, "What is Knowledge?" from The Meno Edmund Gettier, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Robert Nozick, "Knowledge" from Philosophical Explanations B. SKEPTICISM AND RESPONSES René Descartes, Meditations 1 and 2 G.E. Moore, Proof of an External World G.E. Moore, Certainty Robert Nozick, "Skepticism" from Philosophical Explanations Jonathan Vogel, Cartesian Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation C. KNOWLEDGE AND THE NATURE OF REALITY Plato, "The Allegory of the Cave" from The Republic George Berkeley, Selections from Of the Principles of Human Knowledge W.
V.O. Quine, Posits and Reality Hilary Putnam, Brains in a Vat David J. Chalmers, The Matrix as Metaphysics Robert Nozick, Fiction D. INDUCTION David Hume, "Induction" from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding Wesley Salmon, Selections from The Problem of Induction Nelson Goodman, The New Riddle of Induction METAPHYSICAL PERPLEXITIES Introduction E. TIME AND TIME TRAVEL Albert Einstein, Time and the Relativity of Simultaneity Theodore Sider, Time David Lewis, The Paradoxes of Time Travel F. FREE WILL A.J.
Ayer, Freedom and Necessity Roderick M. Chisholm, Human Freedom and the Self Harry Frankfurt, Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person Peter Strawson, Freedom and Resentment G. IDENTITY AND PERSONAL IDENTITY John Locke, "Of Identity and Diversity" from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Bernard Williams, The Self and the Future Derek Parfit, "Personal Identity" from Reasons and Persons IV. PHILOSOPHY OF MIND AND LANGUAGE MIND Introduction A. METAPHYSICS OF MIND Dualism and Behaviorism René Descartes, Sixth Meditation Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti, Understanding Nyaya-Vaisesika Dualism Gilbert Ryle, Descartes'' Myth Physicalism Daniel Stoljar, Physicalism J.J.C. Smart, Sensations and Brain Processes Paul M.
Churchland, Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes Challenges to Physicalism Saul Kripke, The Modal Argument Frank Jackson, The Knowledge Argument B. CONSCIOUSNESS AND PERCEPTION Consciousness Thomas Nagel, What Is It Like to Be a Bat? Daniel C. Dennett, Quining Qualia Ned Block, Concepts of Consciousness Minds and Machines A.M. Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence John Searle, Can Computers Think? Perception J.J. Valberg, Reasoning About Our Experience A.J.
Ayer, The Argument from Illusion: A Defense of Sense Data J.L. Austin, The Argument from Illusion: A Critique of Sense Data LANGUAGE Introduction C. LANGUAGE, MEANING, AND REFERENCE H.P. Grice, Logic and Conversation Noam Chomsky, Language and Problems of Knowledge John Perry, The Problem of the Essential Indexical V. LIFE AND DEATH Introduction A. LIFE Plato, "On the Harmony of the Soul" from The Republic Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism Derek Parfit, What Makes Someone''s Life Go Best Thomas Nagel, The Absurd B.
DEATH Thomas Nagel, Death Walter Kaufmann, Death Without Dread Glossary Notes Resources.