I. PATTERNS AND PROCESSES OF BECOMING: A FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Making New Bodies: Mechanisms of Developmental Organization "How Are You?" The Questions of Developmental Biology The Cycle of Life An Example: A Frog''s Life Comparative Embryology An Overview of Early Development Keeping Track of Moving Cells: Fate Maps and Cell Lineages Evolutionary Embryology Medical Embryology and Teratology 2. Specifying Identity: Mechanisms of Developmental Patterning Levels of Commitment Autonomous Specification Conditional Specification Syncytial Specification A Rainbow of Cell Identities 3. Differential Gene Expression: Mechanisms of Cell Differentiation Defining Differential Gene Expression Quick Primer on the Central Dogma Evidence for Genomic Equivalence Modulating Access to Genes Anatomy of the Gene The Gene Regulatory Network: Defining an Individual Cell Mechanisms of Differential Gene Transcription Differential RNA Processing Control of Gene Expression at the Level of Translation Posttranslational Regulation of Gene Expression The Basic Tools of Developmental Genetics Testing Gene Function 4. Cell-to-Cell Communication: Mechanisms of Morphogenesis A Primer on Cell-to-Cell Communication Adhesion and Sorting: Juxtacrine Signaling and the Physics of Morphogenesis The Extracellular Matrix as a Source of Developmental Signals The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Cell Signaling Paracrine Factors: Inducer Molecules The Cell Biology of Paracrine Signaling Juxtacrine Signaling for Cell Identity 5. Stem Cells: Their Potential and Their Niches The Stem Cell Concept Stem Cell Regulation Pluripotent Cells in the Embryo Adult Stem Cell Niches Adult Neural Stem Cell Niche of the V-SVZ The Adult Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Stem Cells Fueling the Diverse Cell Lineages in Adult Blood The Mesenchymal Stem Cell: Supporting a Variety of Adult Tissues The Human Model System to Study Development and Disease Stem Cells: Hope or Hype? II. GAMETOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION: THE CIRCLE OF SEX 6.

Sex Determination and Gametogenesis Chromosomal Sex Determination The Mammalian Pattern of Sex Determination Primary Sex Determination in Mammals Secondary Sex Determination in Mammals: Hormonal Regulation of the Sexual Phenotype Chromosomal Sex Determination in Drosophila Environmental Sex Determination Mammalian Gametogenesis Coda 7. Fertilization: Beginning a New Organism Structure of the Gametes External Fertilization in Sea Urchins Activation of Egg Metabolism in Sea Urchins Fusion of Genetic Material in Sea Urchins Internal Fertilization in Mammals Coda III. EARLY DEVELOPMENT: CLEAVAGE, GASTRULATION, AND AXIS FORMATION 8. Rapid Specification in Snails and Nematodes Developmental Patterns among the Metazoa EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN SNAILS Cleavage in Snail Embryos Gastrulation in Snails THE NEMATODE C. Elegans Cleavage and Axis Formation in C. elegans Gastrulation in C. elegans 9. The Genetics of Axis Specification in Drosophila Early Drosophila Development The Genetic Mechanisms Patterning the Drosophila Body Segmentation and the Anterior-Posterior Body Plan Segmentation Genes The Homeotic Selector Genes Generating the Dorsal-Ventral Axis Axes and Organ Primordia: The Cartesian Coordinate Model Coda 10.

Sea Urchins and Tunicates: Deuterostome Invertebrates Early Development in Sea Urchins Sea Urchin Gastrulation Early Development in Tunicates 11. Amphibians and Fish EARLY AMPHIBIAN DEVELOPMENT Fertilization, Cortical Rotation, and Cleavage Amphibian Gastrulation Progressive Determination of the Amphibian Axes The Work of Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold Molecular Mechanisms of Amphibian Axis Formation Regional Specificity of Neural Induction along the Anterior-Posterior Axis Specifying the Left-Right Axis EARLY ZEBRAFISH DEVELOPMENT Cleavage Gastrulation and Formation of the Germ Layers 12. Birds and Mammals EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN BIRDS Avian Cleavage Gastrulation of the Avian Embryo Axis Specification and the Avian "Organizer" EARLY DEVELOPMENT IN MAMMALS Cleavage Mammalian Gastrulation Mammalian Axis Formation Twins Coda IV. BUILDING WITH ECTODERM: THE VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND EPIDERMIS 13. Neural Tube Formation and Patterning Transforming the Neural Plate into a Tube: The Birth of the Central Nervous System Patterning the Central Nervous System All Axes Come Together 14. Brain Growth Neuroanatomy of the Developing Central Nervous System Developmental Mechanisms Regulating Brain Growth Development of the Human Brain 15. Neural Crest Cells and Axonic Specificity THE NEURAL CREST Regionalization of the Neural Crest Neural Crest: Multipotent Stem Cells? Specification of Neural Crest Cells Neural Crest Cell Migration: Epithelial to Mesenchymal and Beyond Migration Pathways of Trunk Neural Crest Cells Cranial Neural Crest The "Chase and Run" Model Neural Crest-Derived Head Skeleton Cardiac Neural Crest ESTABLISHING AXONAL PATHWAYS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The Growth Cone: Driver and Engine of Axon Pathfinding Axon Guidance The Intrinsic Navigational Programming of Motor Neurons How Did the Axon Cross the Road? The Travels of Retinal Ganglion Axons Target Selection: "Are We There Yet?" Synapse Formation A Program of Cell Death 16. Ectodermal Placodes and the Epidermis CRANIAL PLACODES: THE SENSES OF OUR HEADS The Dynamics of Optic Development: The Vertebrate Eye Formation of the Eye Field: The Beginnings of the Retina The Lens-Retina Induction Cascade THE EPIDERMIS AND ITS CUTANEOUS APPENDAGES Origin of the Epidermis The Ectodermal Appendages Coda V.

BUILDING WITH MESODERM AND ENDODERM: ORGANOGENESIS 17. Paraxial Mesoderm: The Somites and Their Derivatives Cell Types of the Somite Establishing the Paraxial Mesoderm and Cell Fates Along the Anterior-Posterior Axis Somitogenesis Sclerotome Development Dermomyotome Development Osteogenesis: The Development of Bones Maturation of Muscle 18. Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm: Heart, Blood, and Kidneys INTERMEDIATE MESODERM: THE KIDNEY Specification of the Intermediate Mesoderm: Pax8 and Lim1 Reciprocal Interactions of Developing Kidney Tissues LATERAL PLATE MESODERM: HEART AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart Development Blood Vessel Formation Hematopoiesis: Stem Cells and Long-Lived Progenitor Cells Coda 19. Development of the Tetrapod Limb Limb Anatomy Limb Bud Hox Gene Specification of Limb Skeleton Identity Determining What Kind of Limb to Form and Where to Put It Outgrowth: Generating the Proximal-Distal Axis of the Limb Specifying the Anterior-Posterior Axis Generating the Dorsal-Ventral Axis Cell Death and the Formation of Digits and Joints Evolution by Altering Limb Signaling Centers 20. The Endoderm: Tubes and Organs for Digestion and Respiration The Pharynx The Digestive Tube and Its Derivatives The Respiratory Tube VI. POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 21. Metamorphosis: The Hormonal Reactivation of Development Amphibian Metamorphosis Metamorphosis in Insects Metamorphosis of the Pluteus Larva 22. Regeneration Many Ways to Rebuild Hydra: Stem Cell-Mediated Regeneration, Morphallaxis, and Epimorphosis Stem Cell-Mediated Regeneration in Flatworms Salamanders: Epimorphic Limb Regeneration Luring the Mechanisms of Regeneration from Zebrafish Organs Regeneration in Mammals 23.

Aging and Senescence Genes and Aging Random Epigenetic Drift Stem Cells and Aging Exceptions to the Aging Rule VII. DEVELOPMENT IN WIDER CONTEXTS 24. Development in Health and Disease: Birth Defects, Endocrine Disruptors, and Cancer The Role of Chance Genetic Errors of Human Development Teratogenesis: Environmental Assaults on Animal Development Endocrine Disruptors: The Embryonic Origins of Adult Disease Transgenerational Inheritance of Developmental Disorders Cancer as a Disease of Development Coda 25. Development and the Environment: Biotic, Abiotic, and Symbiotic Regulation of Development The Environment as a Normal Agent in Producing Phenotypes Polyphenic Life Cycles Developmental Symbioses Coda 26. Development and Evolution: Developmental Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change Descent with Modification: Why Animals Are Alike and Different Preconditions for Evolution: The Developmental Structure of the Genome Deep Homology Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change Developmental Constraints on Evolution Selectable Epigenetic Variation Coda Glossary Author Index Subject Index.