Chapter 1. History of Gangs in the United States Street Gang Emergence in the Northeast Street Gang Emergence in the Midwest Street Gang Emergence in the West Region Street Gang Emergence in the South Another Wave of Immigrant Groups The Institutionalization of Street GangsChapter 2. Myths and Realities of Youth Gangs Consideration of Key Myths About GangsChapter 3. Defining Gangs and Gang Members Defining Gangs Typologies of Gang Members and Gang Structures Gang Subculture Gang Subculture A European Gang Definition A Recommended Gang Definition for Practical Purposes Defining Gang Members Demographic Characteristics of U.S. Gangs and Gang MembersChapter 4. General Macro-Level Theories and Modern-Day Applications The Chicago School and Development of the Social Disorganization Perspective Application of Social Disorganization Theory to Gangs A General Explanation of Gang Origins, Expansion, and Violence Other Macro-Level TheoriesChapter 5. Micro-Level Theories: Developmental Life Course Pathways and Other Micro-Level Explanations for Gang Involvement Location of Gang Membership in Developmental Pathways Developmental Theories An Illustration of the Life-Course Model of Gang Involvement A Broad Developmental Gang Theory The Gang Joining Process Apex of Gang Member Criminal Activity Long-Term Impact of Gangs on Participants Desistance From Gang Membership Other Micro-Level Gang TheoriesChapter 6.

Girls and Gangs Females in Early Gang Studies Modern-Day Studies of Female Gang Members Level of Female Gang Involvement and Seriousness of Crimes The Question of Increasing Female Gang Involvement The Importance of Gang Gender Composition Female Associates of Gang Members: Risks and Re-Victimization Girls' Unique Treatment Needs and Implications for Prevention and TreatmentChapter 7. National Gang Problem Trends: 1996 to 2012 An Overview of Nationwide Gang Activity in the Modern Era Nationally Reported Youth Gang Activity From the Mid-1990s Patterns in U.S. Localities' Histories of Gang Activity Patterns of Gang Presence in Larger Cities Modal Cities Regional Variations in Gang Presence Explaining the Emergence, Persistence, and Decline of Gang ActivityChapter 8. Urban Gangs and Violence The Intensity of Gangs in Cities Serious Gang Problem Trends A National Perspective of Gang Structures Key Structural Features of Violent Gangs Nationwide A Social Network Approach to Gang Cohesion Gunshot Injury Risk Associated with Social Networks Case Studies of Gang Problems in Large Cities Contextual Characteristics That Contribute to Serious Gang ProblemsChapter 9. What Works: Prevention Risk-Focused, Data-Driven, and Research-Based Gang Prevention A Framework for Prevention and Early Intervention Building a Continuum of Effective Delinquency Prevention and Early Intervention ProgramsChapter 10. What Works: Intervention and Suppression The Comprehensive, Community-Wide Gang Program Model First Steps Comprehensive Gang Program Model Administrative Structure Implementing the Comprehensive Gang Program Model Evidence-Based Gang Programs Gang Suppression Promising Gang Programs The Utility of Gang Intelligence Databases The Evidence-Based Comprehensive Gang Program Model The Six-Site Comprehensive Gang Program Model Evaluation Project Safe Neighborhoods.